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Food 1130: Traditional alcoholic beverages > The history of Alcohol > Flashcards

The history of Alcohol Flashcards

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1
Q

what does yeast convert sugars to?

A

alcohol

co2

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2
Q

what came first, alcohol or yeast?

A

alcohol

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3
Q

what is a cloud of alcohol and a give an example?

A

space - near milky way
containing many supanova
- its a cloud larger than our solar system and contains . methanol, ethanol, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide
Alcohol attaches to cosmic dust and is transported vast distances!
LOVEJOY

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4
Q

How were organic molecules potentially introduced to earth?

A

Through cloud of alcohol containing methanol, ethanol, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide

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5
Q

How has yeast evolved in terms of alcohol?

A
  • To tolerate high levels of alcohol
    Most microbes die around 5% alcohol, yeast produced alcohol in a higher concentration to keep all the sugar to themselves.
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6
Q

What happens to any decomposing form of sugar?

A

It will be fermented by wild yeasts

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7
Q

What does yeast need to produce alcohol?

A

When yeast is in contact with sugar and water, it only needs time and lack of oxygen

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8
Q

What were the first alcoholic products consumed?

A

Fermented Fruits

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9
Q

What happens to a fruit when it is left long enough?

A

It will ferment

May also grow harmful bacteria/fungus

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10
Q

What is the drunken monkey theory?

A

Humans have evolved to be genetically predisposed to alcohol.
10 mil years ago, alcohol dehydrogenase mutated = 40x more effective - became ubiquitous
- this was the same time human ancestors moved from trees to ground (due to food).
Fermented fruit = higher in calories = more energy and loss of balance prevents return to trees.

If true - fermentation was significant to the evolution of humans

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11
Q

How/why was beer first produced?

A

First by accident as wet grains were stored which were fermented by wild yeasts

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12
Q

Who/when was beer first produced by?

A

semi-nomadic people

13000 years ago

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13
Q

When was the first evidence of beer consumption and by who?

A

10000 BC by Sumerians

- poem that contained a recipe for beer in 1800 BC, oldest recipe, beer used for wages

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14
Q

How was beer first consumed communally?

A

From large vessels through long straws

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15
Q

Why were straws used to consume beer and when does the first straw date back to?

A 
To avoid sour-solid products of fermentation
3000 BC (solid gold found in sumeria)
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16
Q

What was the earliest evidence of beer in China?

A

Rice Mead
Produced from 7000BC
mix of rice and honey that is then fermented
produced beer from wheat and barley by 3000 BC

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17
Q

What was the earliest evidence of beer in central and South America?

A

Chicha (from corn) produced from 5000 BC

Pulque (from agave) produced from AD 200

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18
Q

What was the earliest evidence of beer in sub saharan Africa/Egypt?

A

By 3000 BC Egypt actively trade beer.

Sorghum based beers have been brewed in Africa for years. - this still forms the base of traditional African beers

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19
Q

What was the earliest evidence of beer in NorthAmerica?

A

Tiswin (beer from corn) made by native Americans for over 800 years - no evidence of distillation

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20
Q

What is the brief history of wine in Africa?

A

palm wine produced from palm sap (potentially dates back to 16000 BC)

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21
Q

What is the brief history of wine in Europe/Asia?

A

Oldest evidence in Georgia (6000BC), Iran (5000Bc) and Greece (4500 BC)

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22
Q

What is the theory for how wine developed in Europe?

A

A jar of spoiled grapes were left to ferment and drunk by a lady in Sumeria.

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23
Q

Where was the oldest winery in Europe?

A

Armenia from 4100 BC

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24
Q

What is the brief history of wine in Australia?

A

Aboriginals made way-a-linah from a species of eucalyptus known as cider gum

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25
Q

When was honey first collected by humans?

A

10000 yrs ago

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26
Q

When were bees first domesticated for honey?

A

2500 BCE

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27
Q

When was the first evidence of mead being drunk and where?

A

3000BCE

Greece, China and Africa

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28
Q

When did the popularity of mead increase?

A

widespread in greece by 2000 BC, India 1700-1100 BC

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29
Q

Why was mead significant in marriage in history?

A

couples given 1 month of honey wine and if they got pregnant payment was given to the meadmaker.
It was known as the nectar of the gods/drink of celebration

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30
Q

Who were typically brewers in history?

A

females

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31
Q

Why did Romans initially cause a rise in the popularity of wine?

A

Conquered Italy and took over modern day Tuscany and greek colonies - both of which produced wine.

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32
Q

Who did the Romans make wine available to and why?

A

Everyone (even slaves)

It was deemed a necessity - beer considered inferior.

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33
Q

What did the Romans and Greeks do to their wine to ensure it wasn’t uncouth?

A

Watered it down

34
Q

What happened to Spanish wines during Roman era?

A

They flourished.

Traded across the Roman empire using the road network - Bordeaux vineyards starting using spanish Riojas.

35
Q

How was Pompeii significant in the history of wine?

A

It was the wine centre.
After the volcano their was a shortage in wine which led to riots and vines being planted over grains.
Some were then uprooted for grains and more vines were banned.

36
Q

How were hops introduced to Britain?

A

When the romans conquered - originally used medicinally.

Vines introduced at the same time

37
Q

How did the Romans obtain vine variety?

A

Soldiers took cuttings from vines in Northern Africa and Persia.

38
Q

How were the Romans significant in Vineyards?

A

Developed hygiene, vineyard management and soil selection - the first to come up with the concept of terroir.

39
Q

How did many of todays vineyards come about?

A

Planted by Romans

40
Q

How did the fall of the roman empire impact wine and wine making?

A

Fell in 480 BC

-Knowledge of alcohol saved by Roman Catholic Church

41
Q

How were monasteries involved in the alcohol history?

A

Started brewing and winemaking using secret techniques- wine produced for mass and ceremonies.

42
Q

How did worsening road networks effect winemaking?

A

Focus returned to small scale production

Italy, Spanish and French vineyards continued small scale wine production and trade

43
Q

When did beer regain popularity in society after the romans?

A

Dark age saxon communities had designated brewers - beer was brewed in anglo saxon ale houses

44
Q

What was the sign for an anglo saxon ale house?

A

Broom over door

45
Q

When were modern pub signs established?

A

1375

46
Q

What are two properties of ales?

A

high in alcohol = longer shelf life

47
Q

How are ales made in terms of fermentation?

A

top fermented

48
Q

What does top fermented mean?

A

That the yeast rises to the top of the beer and can be skimmed off for next batch - carried out between 10 and 25˚C

49
Q

Mild temperature ales are stored in a cellar and top fermented, what properties does this give the ale?

A

more flavourful beer with fruitier and spicier flavours- less repeatable flavour profile due to fermentation speed

50
Q

What is monastic brewing and what techniques were developed?

A

Development of new techniques like secondary fermentation, clarification of wine along with inventions of new beverages.

51
Q

Why did monks believe they were brewing?

A

For god - continuously tried to improve quality

52
Q

What is the oldest monastic brew?

A

weihenstephan (wise stephen) 1040 - located on former site of weihenstephan abbey in Bavaria.

53
Q

Did monks drink when fasting?

A

yes

54
Q

What were the 3 types of monastic alcohol made?

A

for sale
for the poor
for personal

55
Q

What is the most famous monastic alcohol?

A

Trappist beer

12 monasteries still brew it - consistently voted worlds best beer

56
Q

Where do the profits go from monastic Alcohol?

A

Charity

57
Q

What are abbey beers?

A

Made in the same style as monastic beers but no association to a monastery.
wines = monastic wines (pop in france)

58
Q

What is Champagne? and what is its history?

A

Most famous monastic wine (devils wine)
1531 = sparkling wine produced in France
1662 = paper to royal society on how to add bubbles to wine
17th century = England develops thicker glass bottle to withstand 5-6 atmosphere pressure in champagne + rediscover cork stopper
1891 = France protects name ‘Champagne’

59
Q

When were spirits invented and how?

A

9th century distillation used by islamic chemics to concentrate ethanol

60
Q

When was the process of distillation first established?

A

In Egypt to distill water - 1st Century

61
Q

What is the word alcohol used for?

A

Anything containing ethanol

62
Q

When was fractional distillation developed?

A

12th Century

By Italian Chemists

63
Q

What is the timeline for alcoholic beverage development?

A

Beer - 13000 BCE
Wine - 6000 BCE
Mead - 300 BCE
Spirits - 1000 CE

64
Q

When were lagers developed and who by?

A

1420 = 1st mention of lager
bavarians develop cold temp lager (bottom fermented) store in caves in the Alps.
This allowed bubbles to produce slowly = cleaner beer and less spoilage

65
Q

What flavours do lager have and why?

A

More mellow flavours as they are conditioned longer at lower temps

66
Q

What were lagers in the past?

A

Hopped dark beers

67
Q

What is Reinheitsgebot?

A

1516 Bavarian Purity Law

The worlds first food safety law

68
Q

What does the purity law do?

A

Limits ingredients of beer to barley, water and hops (yeast not known at the time - understood that something in fermentation produces alcohol)
Set max beer price
Set max beer strength

69
Q

Traditionally what were ales?

A
  • Beers brewed without hops (in england this was all beverages as they were made with grain)
  • Ales needed to be stronger than beers in alcohol due to lack of hops
    Ales are seen as beers that are brewed using ‘top fermentation’
70
Q

Traditionally what were beers?

A

Beer stems from English word ‘bier’ - fell out of use but then reintroduced when hops added to beer
Currently beer is any alcoholic drink fermented from a grain source.

71
Q

When was gin popularised in England?

A

1688

72
Q

Outline the timeline and history of gin in England

A

1689-97 = government introduces legislation to increase gin production and decrease imports.
There was no license required = bathtub gin produced by 1/4 of households
Income increased, food price decreased therefore people spent more on gin = gin craze
1743 - english consuming 10litres of gin pppa (twice as strong)

73
Q

What was the 1751 Gin act?

A

Due to high consumption of gin, act reduced gin consumption

74
Q

What was the main drink in victorian England?

A

small beer - water not safe

75
Q

What was the temperance movement?

A

Encourages the drinking of tea over alcohol which causes malnutrition

76
Q

What was most successful in curbing drinking?

A

Cadbury’s drinking chocolate in 1824 - it was sweet

77
Q

Why was water an issue in London in 1854?

A

Cholera - John snow

78
Q

How did the UK government influence pub opening hours?

A

They voted against attempting to curve pub opening times in 1874

79
Q

Why have attitudes to drinking changed?

A

Increased understanding of health effects, decreased volume consumed pp, increased quality

80
Q

Why is the whisky industry unstable?

A

It sees peaks and troughs - influenced by economics

81
Q

How has craft beer and real ale changed?

A
  • Craft brewing takes off in US in 1965

- CAMRA = seeks return of real ale to UK in 1972

Food 1130: Traditional alcoholic beverages (9 decks)

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