The Highlights

Question 1

What are the three types of rhetoric?

Answer 1

Deliberative (Political), Forensic (Judicial), and Ceremonial (Epideictic)

Question 2

What are the components of deliberative (political) rhetoric?

Answer 2

Audience: the assembly
Time: future
Ends: to do or not to do something
Considerations: expediency, advantageous, utility
Emphasizes: ethos
Speaker must understand arête (virtue)

Question 3

Forensic (Judicial) essential components:

Answer 3

Audience: juror
Time: past
End: to accuse or defend
Considerations: justice or injustice
Emphasizes: logos
Speaker must understand syllogisms

Question 4

Ceremonial (epideictic) essential components:

Answer 4

Audience: observer, critic
Time: present 
Ends: to praise or to blame
Considerations: honor/dishonor
Emphasizes: pathos

Question 5

What are Cicero’s 5 canons of rhetoric?

Answer 5

Invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery…

Question 6

What does Cicero mean by “invention” ?

Answer 6

Invention is one of the 5 canons

It referrers to “what” is being said.

Question 7

What is the order of arrangement according to Cicero?

Answer 7

1. Introduction
2. Statement of Fact
3. Division
4. Proof
5. Refutation
6. Conclusion

Question 8

Define style. What are the three types?

Answer 8

Style is the artful expression of ideas. Refers to “how” something is said, such as clarity and precision. There are three types of style:

1. Grand (very ornate)
2. Middle (higher than ordinary, lower than grand)
3. Plain (ordinary, conversational)

Question 9

Memory according to Cicero

Answer 9

Mnemonic devices help people remember speeches.

Question 10

Delivery according to Cicero

Answer 10

The manner in which you outwardly express your speech

Question 11

There are two types of proofs (pisteis) according to Aristotle. What are they?

Answer 11

Inartistic and Artistic Proofs.

Question 12

What are Inartistic proofs?

Answer 12

Proofs that are not invented by the speaker, such as laws, witnesses (testimony), contracts, tortures, and oaths.

Question 13

What are artistic proofs?

Answer 13

Artistic proofs are invented by the speaker and her speech. They are ethos, pathos, and logos.

Question 14

Define ethos

Answer 14

appeal to character, including arête, good will (eunoia), and wisdom (phronesis).

Question 15

Define pathos

Answer 15

appeals to emotion

Question 16

Define logos

Answer 16

appeal to reason. There is inductive and deductive. Inductive is an example or an enthymeme, while deductive is a syllogism.

Question 17

Define the faulty generalization fallacy

Answer 17

When an inductive generalization is formed on insufficient evidence

Question 18

Define the “post hoc, ergo propter hoc” fallacy

Answer 18

When if Y is after X, one assumes that X caused Y

Question 19

Define begging the question fallacy

Answer 19

When an arguments premise assumes the conclusion

Question 20

Define the complex question fallacy

Answer 20

Where a question assumes another question. “Do you still beat your wife?”

Question 21

Define the “ad populum” fallacy

Answer 21

“if many believe so, it is so”

Question 22

Define “Koina”

Answer 22

Subjects for argument common to all three species of rhetoric: the possible and the impossible, past and future fact, and degree of magnitude.

Question 23

Define “topoi”

Answer 23

topics; mental “place” where an argument can be found or the argument itself; commonplaces of argument - applicable to all three species of rhetoric - 28 such topoi are described in Aristotle’s rhetoric

Question 24

Define “Idia”

Answer 24

Special topics which are specific to each species of rhetoric. For Deliberative, the good and advantageous; for forensic, justice and injustice; and for Ceremonial, the noble and ignoble.

Question 25

What are the four types of Stasis?

Answer 25

Stasis of Conjecture, Stasis of Definition, Stasis of Quality (are there extenuating circumstances), Stasis of Place (Is this the appropriate forum to discuss)