THE HEART OF CO Flashcards
Approach in social analysis that focuses on the life energies, strengths, best practice
ASSET-FOCUSED APPROACH
Strengthening of capabilities of individuals, organization and institutions to ensure sustainability of development efforts and the board distribution of their benefits.
CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
People-empowering role of facilitating development.
CATALYST
A description of the new forms of associations that seek to represent the interest of the people themselves along-side the state, economy and political society. Usually refers to NGO.
CIVIL SOCIETY
An institution - whether Non-Government Organization, Government Organization, Church-based Organization committed to the task of community development.
DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONs (DOs)
Organization under the government
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS (GOs)
Strength, vitality, force.
LIFE ENERGY
Private voluntary organizations, social development agencies or alternative support or cause-oriented groups that are non-profit oriented or legal, which are committed to the task of development, and established primarily for socio-economic services, civic, religious, charitable and / or social welfare.
NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)
Action-reflection-action
PRAXIS
Process through which stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives, and over the decisions and resources that affect themselves.
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT
Process of enabling the people to gradually take over responsibility through capacity development.
PHASE OVER
Approach in social analysis that focuses on the problems and their cause-effect relationships at the micro and macro levels.
PROBLEM-FOCUSED APPROACH
Community associations or community-based organizations.
PEOPLE ORGANIZATIONS (POs)
Three distinct but interrelated aspects of development process: people’s benefit from development; people’s contribution to development; and people’s involvement in the decision-making regarding the nature and process of development.
PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION
Process of expansion to more quality benefits to more people over a wider geographical area more quickly, more equitably and more lastingly.
SCALING-UP
A process that elevates the individual reflections to a shared experience of developing a collective consciousness particularly to generate lessons and insights.
SOCIAL LEARNING
The parties, individual or institutions, with interest in and/ or affected by development initiatives, programs or projects.
STAKEHOLDERS
The community is the stage of Community Organizing.
COMMUNITY PEOPLE (CP)
The community consists of people, now popularly known as ___________, who have different interest in development, for every development concern being addressed, a broad spectrum of _____________ exists ranging from directly affected parties to individuals or institutions with individual interest.
STAKEHOLDERS / COMMUNITY PEOPLE
Those who may be expected to benefit or lose from certain development initiatives; on the losing end, in particular, theses are poor, and those who are vulnerable in terms of gender, age, race, ethnicity, cultural, identity, and/or displacement.
DIRECTLY AFFECTED
Those with interest in outcomes; like NGOs, private business and industries that may be affected or may have technical expertise.
INDIRECTLY AFFECTED
Those line agency staff; local regional and national government officials.
GOVERNMENT-ELECTED OFFICIAL
The _______ are rich and educated; control positions of power in government, business, and trade; own resources such as capital, land and knowledge; have access to those who own strata; are economically privileged and politically powerfull
HAVES
They are few in number; and they constitute an internally cohesive, well-organized group
HAVES
The vast majority of people are ______________. They are politically weak, unorganized, poor, landless, unskilled….
HAVE-NOTS
It should be concerned with the welfare of the whole community, most especially the majority who are poor, deprived and oppressed.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Is the partner of the people in the development. S/he acts as a catalyst for participatory involving multi-stakeholders.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT WORKER (CDW)
S/he is an outsider, S/he serves only as a facilitator who assists the people in organizing themselves.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT WORKER (CDW)
Means developing a partnership with the community.
CO PROCESS
It is a process that facilitate participatory development in which “stakeholders” can influence and share control over development initiatives, and over the decisions and resource that affect themselves.
CO PROCESS
The fourth important element of the CO practice was traditionally viewed as the problem, which brings together. the community people and the CDW in a helping process.
COMMUNITY CONSCIOUSNESS
CO is like a long journey into development partnership with the the community people. this journey requires some basic considerations and preparations from the CDW and DO to which s/he belongs.
PRE-ENTRY - OUTSIDE
acceptability to the community in which it operates.
LEGITIMATE IDENTITY OF THE DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (DO)
determining the reasons and direction for its being and formulating strategies of development.
STRATEGIC PLANNING WITHIN THE DO
as stated in the light of the DO’s Vision, Mission, and Foal (VMG) and programs.
ROLE / FUNCTION AND PURPOSE OF CO
include committed, competent and creative person-power, financial and material resources.
RESOURCE TO ENGAGE IN CO
involves continuous capacity building of the staff and generation of financial and material resource that can help sustain its operations.
CONTINUING DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES IF THE DO
Establishing a friendly yet purposeful relationship starts upon entry of the CDW into the community.
ENTRY INTO THE COMMUNITY - OUTER LAYER
A low profile entry is preferable than a grand entrance that raises unnecessary or false expectation from the people.
ENTRY INTO THE COMMUNITY - OUTER LAYER
The CDW does this in the same way that someone ‘knocks at the door before entering a house’. it involves a courtesy call to the formal and informal leaders of the different community stakeholders initially identified during the pre-entry phase.
ENTRY INTO THE COMMUNITY - OUTER LAYER
This refers to the basic continuing effort by which the CDW becomes one with the CP by integrating himself/herself in the community life.
IMMERSION WITH THE PEOPLE - INNER LAYER
This is a germination process of building trust and cooperation networks now commonly called building social capital, a process of building a relationship, which is basic in social work.
IMMERSION WITH THE PEOPLE - INNER LAYER
This phase of the process signals that the CP and CDW are already prepared to work together as partners in the development.
CO PROPER - MIDDLE LAYER
(bayanihan, damayan,
barkadahan, bakas-bakas,
paluwagan and many more).
Nourishing the Filipino
Indigenous Threads of unity
The aim is to build
or enhance the capacities of the
CP to become self-determined and
socially responsible.
Onward to participatory
development.
The
constituent parts of the CO proper can
be viewed in either of the following
ways: (a) step-by-step sequence; or
(b) ingredients of a process.
Organizing steps or ingredients: a
multi-stakeholder’ perspective.
Different stakeholders have varying levels of power, interests and resources. Ordinarily, it is the poor who face many barriers on a number of different levels, obstacles that prevent them from having a real stake in development initiatives.
Toward leveling power balance,
interest convergence, resource
sharing
It is a conscious effort of
understanding the reality of the
community life as basis for planning. It leads to transformative
actions.
SOCIAL ANALYSIS
Promotes greater awareness and
increased abilities to identify different problems and their causes at the micro and macro levels. It is
criticized to be often less useful, reason is that when one problem is
solved, another problem
immediately develops.
PROBLEM-FOCUSED APPROACH
It argues that communities can be brought back to life if local assets, rather than local needs, becomes the focus.
ASSET-FOCUSED APPROACH
is a prerequisite to
planning and acting to transform
and/or enhance identified aspects
of the social reality.
SOCIAL ANALYSIS
Definition and selection of leaders by the people themselves. The leaders, both formal and informal, have to be identified among the
ranks of the different stakeholders in the community.
SPOTTING AND DEVELOPMENT OF
POTENTIAL COMMUNITY LEADERS AND/OR ORGANIZERS.
It calls for the addition and multiplication of
leaders, division, of responsibilities and subtraction of obstacles side by side the scaling up efforts.
MATHEMATICS OF LEADERSHIP
It ensures the sustainability of the
organization and its development
initiatives.
CORE GROUP FORMATION
A strong people-centered organization is constituted by a core group of leaders and members from among the different stakeholders of development initiative and is formed at the various levels of organization.
SOLID COMPOSITE
For the people’s organization to be decisively important towards the success of, (or contributory to the failure of) the community’s development initiatives, its constituency (leaders and members) has to go through capacity development.
ORGANIZATIONAL AND
PROGRAM/ PROJECT
DEVELOPMENT
It plays a pivotal role in
the CO process. It is
an integral part of the development and change process where
interconnectivity of its various critical elements and evaluation are seen from the contributive rather than attribute view (ISNAR:1)
CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
PPIME&L
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING, EVALUATION & LEARNING
What are the two basic approaches to managing development initiatives that feature different levels of people’s participation.
TOP-DOWN APPROACH & BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
People are respondents to a survey on their needs and problems
TOP-DOWN APPROACH
People are recipients and disseminators of information on pre-determined programs and services.
TOP-DOWN APPROACH
People are implementors of pre-package programs/projects.
TOP-DOWN APPROACH
People participate in the conceptualization and planning of program based on their needs identified and analyzed by them.
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
People implement and monitor evaluate and reflect on their program/project.
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
People may question or reject externally developed program/project.
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
People’s participation in ________________________ goes through a cycle – from planning and implementation to monitoring and
evaluation of a development program
or project
MANAGING DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES (MDI)
It contribute to empowerment and
partnership in the sense of a shared
assessment and project management.
It is a learning tool for awareness
creation.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E)
Known as the Outsiders of the WHO of M&E
EXTERNAL EVALUATOR
Known as the Insider of the WHO of M&E
SELF-ASSESSMENT
Only one party being evaluated, usually the insiders
JOINT EVALUATION
Mutual: outsiders evaluate insiders & vice-versa, its method of evaluation also subjected to evaluation
PARTICIPATORY M&E
Development practitioners often have to work with, and through, powerful stakeholders in order to serve the needs of the poorest people.
CONSENSUS BUILDING
Designed to facilitate participation can
be viewed in a continuum.
PARTICIPATORY MECHANISM
- Translation into local languages and dissemination of written materials using various media.
- Information seminars, presentations and public meetings
MECHANISM FOR SHARING INFORMATION
- Consultative meetings
- Field visits and interviews
MECHANISMS FOR CONSULTATION
- Participatory assessments and evaluations
- Beneficiary assessment
MECHANISMS FOR JOINT ASSESSMENTS
- Participatory planning techniques
- Workshops and retreats to discuss and determine positions, priorities, roles
- Meeting to help resolve conflicts, seek agreements, engender ownership (Public) review of draft documents and subsequent revisions
MECHANISM FOR SHARED DECISION-MAKING
~ Formation of joint with committees stakeholder representatives
~ Formation of joint working groups, task forces
~ Joint work with user groups, intermediary organizations, and other stakeholder groups
~ Stakeholder group given principal responsibility for implementation
MECHANISM COLLABORATIONS
~ Decentralizing authority
~ Delegation of authority for decisions to local organization or groups
MECHANISM EMPOWERMENT
This process of expansion, covering more quality benefits for s growing number of people over a wider geographical area
more quickly, more equitably and more
lasting is known as ___________.
SCALING-UP
geographical spread to cover more people and communities and involves expansion within the same sector or stakeholder group.
HORIZONTAL SCALING-UP (mass-based
or micro organizing)
this type of scalers higher up the ladder. It is institutional in nature in that involves other sectors/ stakeholder groups in the process
of expansion.
VERTICAL SCALING-UP (secondary level or macro organizing)
The CP have already been made aware of the progressive nature of their working relationship with the CDW. This phase enables the CP to leap gradually to a higher consciousness level, commitment and competency in participatory and integrated development.
PHASE-OVER (OUTER LAYERS)
The various phases of the CO process and social investigation are all intertwined by ________ ________ as another indispensable dimension of the CO process. This is particularly vital in fostering social awareness of the CP and CDW/DO
SOCIAL PRAXIS
Action-reflection-celebration
SOCIAL PRAXIS
is an indispensable aspect of CO. It is systematic process of gathering, analyzing and utilizing pertinent data about the community.
SOCIAL INVESTIGATION
is undertaken during the Pre-Entry Phase of CO in order to equip the DO/CDW with the basic information about the community.
PRELIMINARY SOCIAL INVESTIGATION (PSI)
The documentary output of PSI is
called ____?. The data in the ____ are usually derived from the secondary sources, such as the available written reports or documents and news clippings; although direct data gathering, whenever possible, should also be done through ocular survey or transect walk and interviews of key informants from the community.
TENTATIVE COMMUNITY PROFILE (TCP)
It is a systematized documentation featuring a holistic view of the community. It consists of two interrelated parts, namely:
(a) Description of the community,
(b) Analysis of the community.
TENTATIVE COMMUNITY PROFILE (TCP)
Takes place during the Immersion Phase of the CO Process. The technique used us ‘pakiki-randam’, the ability to feel the pulse of the people, their dreams and aspirations, concerns and sentiments, needs and problems, success and failures, striving and best practices.
SI PROPER
The documentary output is _____ ______ _____, which includes the identification of the appropriate stakeholders in the community as vital data to move on to the organizing phase.
VALIDATED COMMUNITY PROFILE (VCP)
Refers to situations that can serve as starting points or sparks that bring to life a multi-stakeholders’ enlightened involvement in community development; they are like threads weaving together wo work cooperatively and collaboratively towards an end.
ENTRY POINTS
It signals growing the and continuous genuine people’s participation in managing development initiatives, as they get involved in the systematic knowledge generation and as they use the knowledge created to improve their solution. This level uses the following twin techniques: (a) pakiki-alam, and (b) pakiki-sangkot.
DEEPENING SI
It serves as concerns basis for the people to come up with their plan of action designed to transform their realities.
OPERATIONAL COMMUNITY PROFILE
VARYING STEPS/ INGREDIENTS IN
ORGANIZING AN OVERVIEW
What are the three classic CO models / approaches that have been appropriated over time.
(1) Social Action / conflict-confrontation
(2) Community Development /
Locality Development / Project-oriented
(3) Social Planning / Agency- oriented
(1) They can build their confidence of the traditionally disadvantage groups in their local indigenous knowledge ad collective strengths;
(2) they can generate constructive collaboration among different stakeholders of development.
PARTICIPATORY METHODS AND TOOLS
understanding a system by identifying the key actors or stakeholders and their mutual relationships in the system and assessing their respective interests and involvements in that system.
STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
focuses on understanding and documenting in gender roles, activities, needs and opportunities in a given context.
GENDER ANALYSIS
is a tool for problem solving derived from the work of Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory of social change. A process of identifying the dimensions (driving forces and restraining forces) of a problem and determining the strategies for solving it.
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS (FFA)
focuses on the identification of the dynamic interrelationship between and among the strengths and weaknesses of the internal environment of the organization as well as the opportunities and threats posed by the external environment.
SWOT ANALYSIS
is an organizational methodology based on Appreciative Inquiry (AI) and built on searching for the positive, for success, for what works, as opposed to problem oriented focus of most other planning and development strategies.
APPRECIATIVE PLANNING AND ACTION (APA)
is a tool that emphasize local knowledge and enables local people to do their own appraisal, analysis and planning.
PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA)
a method of producing information materials or publications where the different stakeholders come together and engage themselves in a process of pooling their resources and knowledge to document a subject of common significance to them and to a larger society.
WRITESHOPS
it deemphasizes technical competence and permits sharing of experiences. It is a multi-sectoral, multi-level; and it creates a relationship of equality between the trainees and trainers.
PARTICIPATORY TRAINING
_________ for identifying participatory components of projects.
CHECKLIST
The attitudes of the users of these methods and tools are the most important for these users are the ones who encourage and enable participation.
A MATTER OF ATTITUDE
In the ultimate analysis, the CDW and CP have shared responsibility to use these methods and tools in creative, flexible, open-ended ways, thereby truly promoting an equilibrium in power relations among different stakeholders for their genuine participation.
A MATTER OF ATTITUDE
