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Biology A Level Eduqas > The Heart (Circulatory System) > Flashcards

The Heart (Circulatory System) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

The network of blood vessels to carry oxygenated blood and glucose to the heart muscle for contraction.

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2
Q

What is an Open System?

A

Where blood Is NOT permanently retained in the blood vessels.

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3
Q

What is a Closed System?

A

Where blood IS permanently retained in the blood vessels.

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4
Q

Why isn’t insects blood red?

A

Because their blood contains NO respiratory pigment. Insects transport oxygen in the tracheal tubes not in the blood.

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5
Q

Why is mammals blood red?

A

Because their blood contains respiratory pigment HAEMOGLOBIN because the blood transports the oxygen.

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6
Q

Definition of a Single Circulatory system and disadvantages?

A

Where the blood travels through the heart once during one circuit.

BP will be lower due to high friction and it cannot supply oxygen and glucose fast to tissues so metabolic processes such as muscle movement and heat generation will be slower.

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7
Q

Definition of a Double Circulatory System and Advantages?

A

Where the blood travels through the heart twice during one circuit.

BP will be higher as it can transport metabolites to tissues fast and will cause metabolic processes such as muscle movement and heat generation to occur quicker.

BP to the lungs (Pulmonary cycle) can be lowered to avoid damage to the tissues and blood vessels.

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8
Q

Describe the Pulmonary Cycle in terms of the left and right side of the heart and where the blood is supplied to.

A

The Pulmonary Cycle Serves the lungs. The RIGHT side of the heart will pump DEOXYGENATED blood to the lungs and the LEFT side will receive OXYGENATED blood.

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9
Q

Describe the Systemic Cycle in terms of the left and right side of the heart and where the blood is supplied to.

A

The Systemic Cycle Serves the Body Tissues. The RIGHT side of the heart will RECIEVE DEOXYGENATED blood from the BODY and the LEFT side of the heart will PUMP OXYGENATED blood to the tissues.

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10
Q

Why do Valves Open?

A

Valves will open when the pressure ABOVE (in front of) The valve is HIGHER than the pressure BELOW the valve.

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11
Q

When do Atrioventricular valves open?

A

When the pressure in the ATRIA is GREATER than the pressure in the VENTRICLES.

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12
Q

When do the Semi-Lunar valves open?

A

When the pressure in the VENTRICLES is GREATER than the pressure in the ARTERIES.

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13
Q

In which direction does blood move?

A

From an area of HIGH pressure to LOW pressure.

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14
Q

When do valves Close?

A

Valves close when the pressure BENEATH the valve is HIGHER than the pressure ABOVE (in front of) the valve.

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15
Q

Why do valves close?

A

Valves close to prevent BACKFLOW of blood when the pressure beneath the valve is higher than the pressure in front of the valve.

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16
Q

What would happen if there is a backflow of blood?

A

The blood would then travel back towards the Atrioventricular/Semi-Lunar valves and be collected in pockets in the valve FORCING it shut.

17
Q

What makes the “Lub-Dub,” sound of the heart?

A

The “Lub-Dub,” sound is the action of the Atrioventricular valves closing followed by the Semi-Lunar Valves closing.

18
Q

Describe the 5 steps of the Cardiac Cycle and note at every step whether the AV and SL valves are open or closed.

A
  1. Blood enters the atria from the Superior Vena Cava and the Pulmonary Veins.
    AV=OPEN SL=CLOSED
  2. The atria CONTRACT in ATRIAL SYSTOLE where blood enters the ventricles down a pressure gradient. The volume in the atria decreases and the pressure increases.
    AV=OPEN SL=CLOSED
  3. The blood will enter the ventricles via the Atrioventricular valves (Bicuspal and Tricuspal).
    AV=OPEN SL=CLOSED
  4. The ventricles CONTRACT in VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE where the volume in the ventricles decrease and the pressure increases.
    AV=CLOSED SL=OPEN
  5. Blood is forced out of the ventricles through the Semi-Lunar valves into the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery.
    AV=CLOSED SL=OPEN
19
Q

How does blood move through the heart?

A

Due to the CONTRACTION and RELAXATION of the different cardiac chambers.

20
Q

What happens when the different cardiac chambers contract and relax?

A

The Volume of blood will Decrease and the Pressure in the chamber will Increase which will FORCE the blood into an area of LOWER PRESSURE.

21
Q

What does the opening and closing of the valves aid in?

A

The opening and closing of the valves keeps blood moving in the CORRECT DIRECTION and will PREVENT BACKFLOW of blood.

22
Q

Describe stage 3 of the cardiac cycle.

A

The blood will enter the ventricles through the atrioventricular valves (Bicuspal and Tricuspal).
AV=OPEN SL=CLOSED

23
Q

Describe stage 5 of the cardiac cycle.

A

Blood is FORCED through the Semi-Lunar valves (Aortic and Pulmonary Valves) up into the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery.
AV=CLOSED SL=OPEN

24
Q

Describe stage 1 of the cardiac cycle.

A

Blood enters the atria from the pulmonary veins and the superior vena cava.
AV=OPEN SL=CLOSED

25
Q

Describe stage 2 of the cardiac cycle.

A

The atria CONTRACT in ATRIAL SYSTOLE where the blood will enter the ventricles down a pressure gradient. The volume in the atria will decrease while the pressure will increase.
AV=OPEN SL=CLOSED

26
Q

Describe stage 4 of the cardiac cycle.

A

The Ventricles will CONTRACT in VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE where the volume in the ventricles will decrease and the pressure will increase.

27
Q

Describe the 4 stages of Electrical Control In the Heart.

A
  1. Every 0.8s the Sinoatrial Node (SAN) will release an electrical impulse, the wave of excitation. AS this spreads across the atria, this causes them to contract in atrial systole.
  2. It’s prevented from spreading to the ventricles by a thin layer of non conductive connective tissue and AS it reaches the Atrioventricular Node (AVN) it will be delayed for a fraction of a second.
    This delay ALLOWS the FULL CONTRACTION of the aorta, so all the blood can be pushed through before reaching the ventricles.
  3. The wave of excitation will then reach the network of highly conductive fibres in the septum called the “Bundle of His,”. AS it travels down and reaches the base of the ventricles (Apex) it will cause them to contract, from the Apex up.

It then reaches the Pirkinje Fibres, it will cause the sides of the ventricles to contract, in the same direction in VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE.

  1. The heart will then go into a period of relaxation (Diastole) where the wave is terminated due to having no more conductive tissue available.
28
Q

Describe stage 1 of the Electrical Control of the Heart.

A

Every 0.8s the Sinoatrial Node will release an electrical impulse, wave of excitation. As this spreads across the atria it will cause them to contract in ATRIAL SYSTOLE.

29
Q

Describe stage 3 in the Electrical Control of the Heart.

A

The wave of excitation will reach the NETWORK of HIGHLY CONDUCTIVE fibres in the septum called the “Bundle of His,”. As they travel down and reach the BASE of the ventricles (Apex) it will cause them to CONTRACT from the Apex up.

It then reaches the Pirkinje fibres which will travel up the sides of the ventricles causing them to contract in the same direction in VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE.

30
Q

Describe stage 2 in the Electrical Control of the Heart.

A

The wave is prevented from spreading to the ventricles due to a thin layer of non conductive connective tissue. As it reaches the Atrioventricular Node it is delayed for a fraction of a second which ALLOWS the FULL CONTRACTION of the atria, allowing all the blood through before the ventricles will contract.

31
Q

Describe the final stage of the Electrical Control of the Heart.

A

The heart will go into a period of relaxation (Diastole) where the wave is terminated due to no more conductive tissue being available.

Biology A Level Eduqas (1 decks)

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