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Bio224 > The Heart, Blood vessels and Blood > Flashcards

The Heart, Blood vessels and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Apex

A

Cone, points toward left hip

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2
Q

Atria (left and right)

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava

Acts as an endocrine organ releasing atrial natriuretic peptide

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3
Q

Ventricles

A

The “pump”

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4
Q

Pulmonary Pump

A

Right side of heart ( pulmonary circuit)

Low pressure circuit because only has to deliver blood to the lungs

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5
Q

Systemic pump

A

Left side of heart ( systemic circuit)

High pressure circuit because has to deliver blood to the whole body.

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6
Q

Gas exchange

A

In pulmonary circuit ( Oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli into the blood in The pulmonary capillaries)

In systemic circuit (oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissues, and CO2 goes into the blood)

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7
Q

Function of blood

A

Delivers oxygen, nutrients, pucks up waste to be excreted and distributes hormones)

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8
Q

Blood Pressure

A

The pressure that blood exerts on the blood vessels which effects blood flow to organs

Highly effected by the rate and pressure

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9
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow cavities in heart where blood is contained

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10
Q

Pericardium

A

Membranous structure which surrounds the heart

Fibrous pericardium- tough outer layer attaches heart to surrounding organs

Serous Pericardium- thin inner membrane that produces serous fluid

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11
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Outer layer of the serous sac

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12
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

AKA- “epicardium”
Inner layer of the serous sac

Most superficial layer of the heart wall

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13
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Space between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium that is filled with thin layer of serous fluid ( AKA pericardial fluid)

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14
Q

Myocardium

A

Second and thickest layer of the heart wall. Lies underneath a fatty layer of areolar connective tissue. Consists of cardiac muscle tissue and a fibrous skeleton.

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15
Q

“Fibrous skeleton” of the Myocardium

A

Gives cardiac muscle something on which to pull when contracting,
Provides structural support for heart, acts as insulator for heart’s electrical activity

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16
Q

Endocardium

A

Third and deepest layer of the heart wall

Lines the Lumen

Composed of endothelium ( simple squamous epithelium)

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17
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium which makes up the endocardium

Forms the “blood-heart” barrier that helps regulate the electrolyte and chemical concentrations in the extracellular fluid of the myocardium

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18
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

Part of the systemic circulation

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19
Q

The coronary arteries

A

Deliver oxygenated blood within the myocardium

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20
Q

Right and left coronary arteries

A

Located directly posterior of the pulmonary trunk

Two branches that arise from the ascending aorta immediately after it emerges from the left ventricle

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21
Q

Marginal artery

A

Branches off the right coronary artery

Arises near the inferior margin ( border) of the heart

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22
Q

Posterior interventricular artery

A

Branches off the right coronary artery on the back side of the heart in the posterior interventricular artery

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23
Q

Anterior interventricular artery

AKA “ left anterior descending artery” or LAD

A

Arises from the left coronary artery

Travels along the anterior interventricular sulcus and along part of the back side of the heart along the posterior interventricular sulcus

Supplies the interventricular septum, most of the anterior left ventricle and some of the posterior left ventricle.

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24
Q

Circumflex artery

A

Arises from the left coronary artery

Curves around the left atrioventricular sulcus and flexes around the heart.

Supplies left atrium
Parts of left ventricle
In SOME people it replaces the right coronary artery in supplying the branch that becomes the posterior interventricular artery

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25
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

In right atria

Closes at birth

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26
Q

Taking blood pressure

A

Systole is first sound

Diastole is second sound

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27
Q

Functional syncytium

A

Heart contracts as a unit

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28
Q

Anastomoses

A

The “coming together” of blood vessels

Systems of channels formed between blood vessels

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29
Q

Collateral circulation

A

Anastomoses which form when blood flow to myocardium is insufficient

Alternate routes of blood flow

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30
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

The majority of the heart’s veins empty into this large venous structure on the posterior side of the heart which then drains into the posterior right atrium.

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31
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Cavity which receives blood from three major veins

  1. Great Cardiac Vein
  2. Small Cardiac Vein
  3. Middle cardiac vein
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32
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

AKA “CAD”

A

Build up of plaque in coronary arteries results in inadequate blood flow and and oxygenation of the myocardium

Leading cause of death worldwide

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33
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

Result of CAD

The inadequate blood flow and oxygenation of the myocardium

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34
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain

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35
Q

Myocardial infarction “MI”

A

Heart attack

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36
Q

Coronary angioplasty

A

Balloon is inflated in artery and stent inserted to keep artery open

37
Q

Coronary artery bypass grafting

A

Other vessels are grafted onto the diseased coronary artery to bypass the blockage

38
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

Hearts ability to trigger it’s own contractions without needing to be stimulated by the nervous system

39
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Work with the papillary muscles

Help to open and close the valves between the atria and ventricles

40
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Contracts with the rest of ventricular muscle and helps to expel blood out of the heart

41
Q

Chordae tendineae

“Heart strings”

A

Attach to papillary muscles that contract just before the heart starts expelling blood

42
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

Rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials that trigger contractile cells to trigger action potentials

Pacemaker cells along with contractile cells work together to give the heart autorhythmicity

43
Q

Contractile cells

A

Make up 99 % of cardiac cells

44
Q

Sinoatrial node

SA node

A

Normal pacemaker of the entire heart

45
Q

Sinus rhythyms

A

Electrical rhythms generated and maintained by the heart

46
Q

Atrioventriclular node

AV node

A

The only connection from the SA node to the ventricles. If it is blocked SA cannot pace the ventricles

47
Q

Ectopic pacemaker

A

When a group of regular contractile cells or pacemaker cells other than the SA node attempt to pace the heart

Results in irregular heart rythms

48
Q

Heartbeat

A

One coordinated contraction

49
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Sequence of events that takes place between one heartbeat and the next

50
Q

Heart rate

A

How many beats (cardiac cycles) per minute

Average of 60-80

51
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount of blood pumped in one heartbeat

Subtract ESV from EDV= stroke volume

52
Q

Cardiac output

A

Heart rate and stroke volume together equal the Cardiac Output

Heart rate multiplied by Stroke volume = Cardiac Output

Regulated primarily by nervous and endocrine systems which influence both heart rate and stroke volume

53
Q

ESV

End Systolic Volume

A

Amount of blood in ventricle after contraction

54
Q

EDV

End Diastolic Volume

A

Amount of blood in ventricle after it has filled during diastole

Around 120ml

55
Q

Preload

A

Length or degree of stretch of sarcomeres in ventricular cells before they contract

Largely determined by the EDV

56
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

The more ventricular muscle cells are stretched, the more forcefully they contract

Stretching causes an optimal overlapping of actin and myosin filaments in the muscle cell

57
Q

Contractility

A

Hearts “pumping” ability or ability to generate tension

Increasing or decreasing contractility will directly effect stroke volume

58
Q

Chronotropic agents

A

Factors that influence the rate at which the SA node depolarizes

59
Q

Positive Chronotropic agents

A

Increase the rate at which the sinoatrial node fires action potentials

Inc. sympathetic nervous system, certain hormones and elevated body temp

60
Q

Negative chronotropic agent

A

Decrease the rate at which the sinoatrial node fires it’s action potentials

Parasympathetic nervous system, decreased body temp.

61
Q

How does sympathetic nervous system regulate the heart?

A

It controls the strength of the contraction by the number of calcium ions that enter the cardiac muscle cell

Has a positive chronotropic effect

62
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system regulate the heart?

A

Through the Vagas nerves which release acetylcholine which acts on the SA node, decreasing it’s rate of action potential.
Has weak negative inotropic effects because the Vagas nerves primarily innervate atrial muscle

63
Q

Blood pressure

A

Outward force that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessel

64
Q

Blood flow

A

Volume of blood that flows per minute

Averages 5-6 liters/minute

65
Q

Resistance of blood flow

A

Any impedance to blood flow

66
Q

Blood pressure

A

Determined by resistance, cardiac output and blood volume

67
Q

Hemodynamics

A

Bloodflow in the cardiovascular system

68
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

Negative feedback loop which protects body from sudden i crease or decrease in blood pressure from moment to moment

69
Q

Chemoteceptors

A

Effect blood pressure by detecting levels of oxygen in the blood

70
Q

Hormones that increase cardiac output

A

Increase: epinephrine, norepinepherine and thyroid hormone

71
Q

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Produced by the atria in response to increased blood volume, it causes mild decrease in peripheral resistance and blood pressure

Causes vasodilation ( especially in vessels close to kidney)

72
Q

Vasa vasora

A

Supply oxygen and nutrients to outer layer of larger blood vessels whose cells are too far away from lumen to receive oxygen and nutrients

73
Q

Structure of blood vessel wall

A

Inner epithelial tissue lining
Layer of connective tissue
Layer of smooth muscle
Additional layer of tough connective tissue

74
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A

“Gatekeeper” of the Abdominal circulation

Located in the liver

Splenic, gastric, superior and inferior mesentaric vein drain into the hepatic portal vein which branches in the liver into a set of capillary beds

75
Q

Portal system

A

When VEINS feed a capillary system

76
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes

77
Q

Albumin

A

Plasma protein, made by the liver, responsible for colloidal osmotic pressure (pressure that draws water into blood via osmosis)

78
Q

Immune Proteins ( plasma protein)

A

Y-globulins AKA antibodies

Produced by leukocytes

79
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Bind with hydrophobic molecules to ensure their ability to move through the blood. Otherwise they would clump!

80
Q

Clotting proteins

A

Blood clots are a collection of platelets and clotting proteins. They stop bleeding from an injured blood vessel

81
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Primary function is transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

82
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process that produces the formed elements in blood. Occurs in red bone marrow

83
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Part of the process of hematopoiesis. It is the Formation of erythrocytes

84
Q

Erythropoietin

AKA - “EPO”

A

Hormone, secreted by the kidneys, required for the formation of erythrocytes

Involved in the negative feedback loop. Concentration of O2 in the blood determined the production of this hormone

85
Q

Leukocytes

White Blood Cells AKA WBCs

A

Larger than erythrocytes and have prominent nuclei.
Do not function in the blood, they use it as a transport system to all tissues of the body. Exit the blood at their destination by squeezing through the endothelial calls at the capillary or venule walls

86
Q

Granulocytes

A

Type of Leukocyte with visible granules and a single nuclei with multiple lobes

87
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most common type of leukocyte
They kill bacteria
Their cytoplasm takes on a lilac color in slides because it accepts both the red and dark purple dyes

88
Q

Eosinophils

A 
Appear red ( they like the acidic red dye-eosin)
Bi-lobed nuclei that look like a barbell
Rare type of Leukocyte

Fight parasites and histamines ( allergic reactions)

They are phagocytes that ingest foreign molecules that have been bound by the proteins of the immune system

89
Q

Basophils

A

Least common Leukocyte

Bio224 (1 decks)

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