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Bio224 > The Heart, Blood vessels and Blood > Flashcards

The Heart, Blood vessels and Blood Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Apex

A

Cone, points toward left hip

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2
Q

Atria (left and right)

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava

Acts as an endocrine organ releasing atrial natriuretic peptide

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3
Q

Ventricles

A

The “pump”

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4
Q

Pulmonary Pump

A

Right side of heart ( pulmonary circuit)

Low pressure circuit because only has to deliver blood to the lungs

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5
Q

Systemic pump

A

Left side of heart ( systemic circuit)

High pressure circuit because has to deliver blood to the whole body.

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6
Q

Gas exchange

A

In pulmonary circuit ( Oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli into the blood in The pulmonary capillaries)

In systemic circuit (oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissues, and CO2 goes into the blood)

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7
Q

Function of blood

A

Delivers oxygen, nutrients, pucks up waste to be excreted and distributes hormones)

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8
Q

Blood Pressure

A

The pressure that blood exerts on the blood vessels which effects blood flow to organs

Highly effected by the rate and pressure

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9
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow cavities in heart where blood is contained

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10
Q

Pericardium

A

Membranous structure which surrounds the heart

Fibrous pericardium- tough outer layer attaches heart to surrounding organs

Serous Pericardium- thin inner membrane that produces serous fluid

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11
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Outer layer of the serous sac

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12
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

AKA- “epicardium”
Inner layer of the serous sac

Most superficial layer of the heart wall

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13
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Space between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium that is filled with thin layer of serous fluid ( AKA pericardial fluid)

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14
Q

Myocardium

A

Second and thickest layer of the heart wall. Lies underneath a fatty layer of areolar connective tissue. Consists of cardiac muscle tissue and a fibrous skeleton.

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15
Q

“Fibrous skeleton” of the Myocardium

A

Gives cardiac muscle something on which to pull when contracting,
Provides structural support for heart, acts as insulator for heart’s electrical activity

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16
Q

Endocardium

A

Third and deepest layer of the heart wall

Lines the Lumen

Composed of endothelium ( simple squamous epithelium)

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17
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium which makes up the endocardium

Forms the “blood-heart” barrier that helps regulate the electrolyte and chemical concentrations in the extracellular fluid of the myocardium

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18
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

Part of the systemic circulation

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19
Q

The coronary arteries

A

Deliver oxygenated blood within the myocardium

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20
Q

Right and left coronary arteries

A

Located directly posterior of the pulmonary trunk

Two branches that arise from the ascending aorta immediately after it emerges from the left ventricle

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21
Q

Marginal artery

A

Branches off the right coronary artery

Arises near the inferior margin ( border) of the heart

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22
Q

Posterior interventricular artery

A

Branches off the right coronary artery on the back side of the heart in the posterior interventricular artery

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23
Q

Anterior interventricular artery

AKA “ left anterior descending artery” or LAD

A

Arises from the left coronary artery

Travels along the anterior interventricular sulcus and along part of the back side of the heart along the posterior interventricular sulcus

Supplies the interventricular septum, most of the anterior left ventricle and some of the posterior left ventricle.

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24
Q

Circumflex artery

A

Arises from the left coronary artery

Curves around the left atrioventricular sulcus and flexes around the heart.

Supplies left atrium
Parts of left ventricle
In SOME people it replaces the right coronary artery in supplying the branch that becomes the posterior interventricular artery

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25
Fossa ovalis
In right atria Closes at birth
26
Taking blood pressure
Systole is first sound Diastole is second sound
27
Functional syncytium
Heart contracts as a unit
28
Anastomoses
The “coming together” of blood vessels | Systems of channels formed between blood vessels
29
Collateral circulation
Anastomoses which form when blood flow to myocardium is insufficient Alternate routes of blood flow
30
Coronary Sinus
The majority of the heart’s veins empty into this large venous structure on the posterior side of the heart which then drains into the posterior right atrium.
31
Coronary sinus
Cavity which receives blood from three major veins 1. Great Cardiac Vein 2. Small Cardiac Vein 3. Middle cardiac vein
32
Coronary Artery Disease | AKA “CAD”
Build up of plaque in coronary arteries results in inadequate blood flow and and oxygenation of the myocardium Leading cause of death worldwide
33
Myocardial ischemia
Result of CAD | The inadequate blood flow and oxygenation of the myocardium
34
Angina pectoris
Chest pain
35
Myocardial infarction “MI”
Heart attack
36
Coronary angioplasty
Balloon is inflated in artery and stent inserted to keep artery open
37
Coronary artery bypass grafting
Other vessels are grafted onto the diseased coronary artery to bypass the blockage
38
Autorhythmicity
Hearts ability to trigger it’s own contractions without needing to be stimulated by the nervous system
39
Trabeculae carneae
Work with the papillary muscles Help to open and close the valves between the atria and ventricles
40
Interventricular septum
Contracts with the rest of ventricular muscle and helps to expel blood out of the heart
41
Chordae tendineae | “Heart strings”
Attach to papillary muscles that contract just before the heart starts expelling blood
42
Pacemaker cells
Rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials that trigger contractile cells to trigger action potentials Pacemaker cells along with contractile cells work together to give the heart autorhythmicity
43
Contractile cells
Make up 99 % of cardiac cells
44
Sinoatrial node | SA node
Normal pacemaker of the entire heart
45
Sinus rhythyms
Electrical rhythms generated and maintained by the heart
46
Atrioventriclular node | AV node
The only connection from the SA node to the ventricles. If it is blocked SA cannot pace the ventricles
47
Ectopic pacemaker
When a group of regular contractile cells or pacemaker cells other than the SA node attempt to pace the heart Results in irregular heart rythms
48
Heartbeat
One coordinated contraction
49
Cardiac cycle
Sequence of events that takes place between one heartbeat and the next
50
Heart rate
How many beats (cardiac cycles) per minute Average of 60-80
51
Stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped in one heartbeat Subtract ESV from EDV= stroke volume
52
Cardiac output
Heart rate and stroke volume together equal the Cardiac Output Heart rate multiplied by Stroke volume = Cardiac Output Regulated primarily by nervous and endocrine systems which influence both heart rate and stroke volume
53
ESV | End Systolic Volume
Amount of blood in ventricle after contraction
54
EDV | End Diastolic Volume
Amount of blood in ventricle after it has filled during diastole Around 120ml
55
Preload
Length or degree of stretch of sarcomeres in ventricular cells before they contract Largely determined by the EDV
56
Frank-Starling Law
The more ventricular muscle cells are stretched, the more forcefully they contract Stretching causes an optimal overlapping of actin and myosin filaments in the muscle cell
57
Contractility
Hearts “pumping” ability or ability to generate tension Increasing or decreasing contractility will directly effect stroke volume
58
Chronotropic agents
Factors that influence the rate at which the SA node depolarizes
59
Positive Chronotropic agents
Increase the rate at which the sinoatrial node fires action potentials Inc. sympathetic nervous system, certain hormones and elevated body temp
60
Negative chronotropic agent
Decrease the rate at which the sinoatrial node fires it’s action potentials Parasympathetic nervous system, decreased body temp.
61
How does sympathetic nervous system regulate the heart?
It controls the strength of the contraction by the number of calcium ions that enter the cardiac muscle cell Has a positive chronotropic effect
62
How does the parasympathetic nervous system regulate the heart?
Through the Vagas nerves which release acetylcholine which acts on the SA node, decreasing it’s rate of action potential. Has weak negative inotropic effects because the Vagas nerves primarily innervate atrial muscle
63
Blood pressure
Outward force that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessel
64
Blood flow
Volume of blood that flows per minute | Averages 5-6 liters/minute
65
Resistance of blood flow
Any impedance to blood flow
66
Blood pressure
Determined by resistance, cardiac output and blood volume
67
Hemodynamics
Bloodflow in the cardiovascular system
68
Baroreceptor reflex
Negative feedback loop which protects body from sudden i crease or decrease in blood pressure from moment to moment
69
Chemoteceptors
Effect blood pressure by detecting levels of oxygen in the blood
70
Hormones that increase cardiac output
Increase: epinephrine, norepinepherine and thyroid hormone
71
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
Produced by the atria in response to increased blood volume, it causes mild decrease in peripheral resistance and blood pressure Causes vasodilation ( especially in vessels close to kidney)
72
Vasa vasora
Supply oxygen and nutrients to outer layer of larger blood vessels whose cells are too far away from lumen to receive oxygen and nutrients
73
Structure of blood vessel wall
Inner epithelial tissue lining Layer of connective tissue Layer of smooth muscle Additional layer of tough connective tissue
74
Hepatic Portal System
“Gatekeeper” of the Abdominal circulation Located in the liver Splenic, gastric, superior and inferior mesentaric vein drain into the hepatic portal vein which branches in the liver into a set of capillary beds
75
Portal system
When VEINS feed a capillary system
76
Hematocrit
Percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes
77
Albumin
Plasma protein, made by the liver, responsible for colloidal osmotic pressure (pressure that draws water into blood via osmosis)
78
Immune Proteins ( plasma protein)
Y-globulins AKA antibodies | Produced by leukocytes
79
Transport Proteins
Bind with hydrophobic molecules to ensure their ability to move through the blood. Otherwise they would clump!
80
Clotting proteins
Blood clots are a collection of platelets and clotting proteins. They stop bleeding from an injured blood vessel
81
Erythrocytes
Primary function is transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
82
Hematopoiesis
Process that produces the formed elements in blood. Occurs in red bone marrow
83
Erythropoiesis
Part of the process of hematopoiesis. It is the Formation of erythrocytes
84
Erythropoietin | AKA - “EPO”
Hormone, secreted by the kidneys, required for the formation of erythrocytes Involved in the negative feedback loop. Concentration of O2 in the blood determined the production of this hormone
85
Leukocytes | White Blood Cells AKA WBCs
Larger than erythrocytes and have prominent nuclei. Do not function in the blood, they use it as a transport system to all tissues of the body. Exit the blood at their destination by squeezing through the endothelial calls at the capillary or venule walls
86
Granulocytes
Type of Leukocyte with visible granules and a single nuclei with multiple lobes
87
Neutrophils
Most common type of leukocyte They kill bacteria Their cytoplasm takes on a lilac color in slides because it accepts both the red and dark purple dyes
88
Eosinophils
``` Appear red ( they like the acidic red dye-eosin) Bi-lobed nuclei that look like a barbell Rare type of Leukocyte ``` Fight parasites and histamines ( allergic reactions) They are phagocytes that ingest foreign molecules that have been bound by the proteins of the immune system
89
Basophils
Least common Leukocyte

Bio224 (1 decks)

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