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The Heart > The heart > Flashcards

The heart Flashcards

1
Q

Inotropic =

A

affects contractility

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2
Q

Chronotropic =

A

affects heart rate

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3
Q

Dromotropic =

A

affects conduction speed at AVN - so rate of electrical impulses

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4
Q

Afterload =

A

the load against which the heart must contract to eject the stroke volume

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5
Q

Preload =

A

the initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction (we use EDV as sarcomere length can’t be measured in intact heart)

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6
Q

CVP =

A

the pressure in the thoracic vena cava near the right atrium (therefore CVP and right atrial pressure are essentially the same)

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7
Q

ABP =

A

TPR x CO

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8
Q

Cardiac output is

A

the volume of blood ejected from the heart in 1 minute

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9
Q

Stroke volume is

A

the volume of blood ejected from the heart in 1 beat

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10
Q

CO =

A

SV X HR

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11
Q

SV =

A

EDV - ESV

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12
Q

Parasympathetic activity to the CVS is modulated via which area of the brain

A

Nucleus ambiguus and dorsal vagal nucleus (both in the medulla)

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13
Q

Sympathetic activity to the CVS is modulated via which area of the brain

A

Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)

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14
Q

What happens to large elastic arteries in ageing and how does this effect SP and DP?

A

Elastin and smooth muscle circularly arranged in tunica media; collagen in tunica adventitia.

  • Elastic will stretch but shows elastic recoil,
  • Collagen is flexible but tough and unstretchable.

In systole, SV ejected, elastin stretches, collagen limits stretch.
In diastole, elastic recoil helps to propel blood and keep pressure up.

In normal ageing loss of elastic function and artery properties determined more by collagen. Therefore, less distension in systole and loss of elastic recoil in diastole: SP increases, DP decreases.

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15
Q

What is systolic pressure related to?

A

CV and arterial compliance

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16
Q

What is diastolic pressure related to?

A

TPR

17
Q

Why is there a delay at the AV node?

A

To ensure the atria has depolarised contracted and ejected blood into the ventricles before ventricular depolarisation

18
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

the neuron cannot be excited to generate a second action potential (no matter how intense the stimulus)

19
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

a stronger than normal stimulus is needed to initiate a new action potential

20
Q

The spread of electrical activity through the heart from SAN goes…

A 
SAN (right atrium)
Spreads across right atrium, to left atrium via Bachmans bundle and to the AVN (delay)
Bundle of His
Left and right bundle branches
purkinje fibres
ventricular muscle

Depolarisation spreads from endocardium to epicardium

21
Q

EDV is normally

A

~120ml

22
Q

SV is normally

A

~70ml

23
Q

The amount of blood usually left in the heart after contraction (ESV) is

A

~50ml

The Heart (8 decks)

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