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Anatomy > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What cavity is the heart located in?

A

mediastinum

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2
Q

The heart is located between which intercostal spaces?

A
  • Left side: 2nd

- Right side: 5th

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3
Q

Where is the heart located in relation to the midsternal line?

A

2/3 to the left

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4
Q

Where is the apex located?

A
  • left side

- between 5th and 6th rib

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5
Q

What is the heart enclosed in?

A

pericardium, double walled sac

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6
Q

Fibrous pericardium: which layer, function

A
  • superficial layer

- protects, anchors, prevents overfilling

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7
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium attached to?

A
  • diaphragm

- posterior side of sternum

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8
Q

Serous pericardium

A
  • deep layer

- contains 2 layers that are continuous with one another

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9
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

Visceral pericardium

A
  • called epicardium

- lines outer surface of the heart

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11
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A
  • potential space between serous pericardium layers

- friction free environment: contains serous fluid

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12
Q

Pericarditis

A
  • inflammation of the pericardium
  • similar pain to heart attack: continuous central chest pain radiating to upper limb
  • viral or bacterial in nature
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13
Q

Pericardial effusion

A
  • Fluid accumulation between visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium
  • Compresses ventricles (cardiac tamponade) leading to their failure
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14
Q

Epicardium

A

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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15
Q

Myocardium

A
  • spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells
  • contracts
  • fibrous skeleton of the heart
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16
Q

Functions of the fibrous skeleton of myocardium (3)

A
  1. anchors cardiac muscle fibers
  2. Supports great vessels and valves
  3. Limits spread of action potentials to specific conduction paths
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17
Q

Endocardium

A
  • continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels

- contains capillaries

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18
Q

The atria are _____ _______ chambers

A

blood filling

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19
Q

Describe structure and location of pectinate muscle

A

muscle bundles on the anterior wall of R atria and auricle of L

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20
Q

Function of interatrial septum

A

-separates atria internally

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21
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis located?

A

interatrial septum

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22
Q

Location and function of auricles

A
  • protrude off of atria

- increase atrial volume

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23
Q

Right atria receives _______ blood from…

A

deoxygenated

  1. superior vena cava
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. coronary sinus
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24
Q

Left atria receives _______ blood from….

A

oxygenated; R and L pulmonary veins (2 on each side, 4 total)

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25
Q

The ventricles are _____ pumps

A
  • blood

- thick myocardium

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26
Q

Interventricular septum

A

separates ventricles internally

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27
Q

anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

A

mark the position of the interventricular septum externally

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28
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

ridges of muscle on ventricle

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29
Q

Right ventricle receives _____ blood from the _____

A

deoxygenated; right atria

30
Q

Right ventricle pumps ______ blood to the ______ ______ to the ______ via the ________arteries

A

deoxygenated; pulmonary trunk; lungs; pulmonary arteries

31
Q

Left ventricle receives _____ blood from the ____ ______

A

oxygenated; left atria

32
Q

Left ventricle pumps ______ blood out the ______ to the body

A

oxygenated; aorta

33
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a larger myocardium

A

need larger force to pump blood to systemic circulation

34
Q

Sinuatrial node: location, signal, innervation, resting bpm

A
  • anterolateral R atrium
  • signal to AV node
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation (vagus nerve)
  • 70 bpm w/o other signal
35
Q

Atrioventricular node: location, signal, resting bpm

A
  • interatrial septum near coronary sinus opening
  • signals to AV bundle
  • 50 bpm w/o SA signal
36
Q

Atrioventricular bundle: connections, route, resting bpm

A
  • connects atria to ventricles electrically
  • passes through fibrous skeleton of heart into interventricular septum to left and right bundle branches
  • 30 bpm w/o AV signal
37
Q

R and L bundle branches: signal, divide into…

A
  • carry signal to apex

- divide into Purkinjie fibers

38
Q

Purkinjie fibers bpm w/o AV

A

30 bpm

39
Q

Characteristics of fibrous skeleton of heart (6)

A
  1. Dense, fibrous CT
  2. Forms connected rings between atria and ventricles
  3. Helps maintain valve openings
  4. Valve cusp attachment site
  5. Separates atrial and ventricular muscle
  6. Electrically isolates impulses between atria and ventricles
40
Q

Heart valves ensure what type of flow through the heart?

A

unidirectional

41
Q

What 2 valves are AV valves?

A
  1. Tricuspid (right)

2. Bicuspis (left)

42
Q

What structure anchors AV valves to papillary muscle?

A

chordae tendinae

43
Q

Where are semilunar valves located?

A

Between ventricles and large vesicles

44
Q

What are the names of the 2 semilunar valves?

A
  1. aortic semilunar valve

2. pulmonary semilunar valve

45
Q

When does heart begin to develop?

A

week 3 ( just made 3 germ layers, need nutrients)

46
Q

Heart comes from what germ layer?

A

visceral/splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm

47
Q

What forms around cranial end of the embryo?

A

Primary heart field

48
Q

What are the derivatives of the primary heart field?

A
  1. atria
  2. L ventricle
  3. Most R ventricle
49
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the pericardium?

A

visceral lateral plate mesoderm

50
Q

What happens during week 3 of development?

A

-paired tubes develop and fuse with lateral folding

51
Q

Rapid growth of brain pushes primary heart field in which directions?

A

ventrally and inferiorly

52
Q

Secondary Heart Field: day, location, becomes…

A
  • develops days 20-21
  • located behind pharyngeal arches
  • becomes some R ventricle and outflow vessels
53
Q

Sinus venosus forms….

A
  • veins that enter right atrium

- part of right atrium

54
Q

Primitive atrium forms…

A

right and left atria

55
Q

AV canal: location, forms….

A
  • located between primitive atrium and ventricle

- forms AV valves

56
Q

Primitive ventricle forms….

A

left ventricle

57
Q

Bulbus cordis forms….

A
  • right ventricle

- muscular outflow region

58
Q

Truncus arteriosus forms…

A
  • aorta and pulmonary arteries

- can be listed as part of bulbus cordosis

59
Q

When does heart looping begin?

A

week 4

60
Q

When is the beginning of sidedness?

A

days 16-18

61
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A
  • week 4

- connections to placental vessels are formed to allow circulation

62
Q

What is looping?

A

primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis move ventrally, caudally, and to the right

63
Q

When does septation occur?

A

week 5-6

64
Q

Atrial septum contains… (3)

A
  1. septum primum
  2. septum secondum
  3. form foramen ovale
    - fuse together in newborn
65
Q

Ventricular septum contains… (2)

A
  1. membranous septum from endocardial cushions
  2. muscular septum from point between primitive ventricle and and bulbus cordis
    - septums join to separate R and L ventricles
66
Q

Endocardial cushions: location, future site of, function

A
  1. Located in AV canal
  2. Future site of valves
  3. Help close atria off from ventricles
67
Q

Conotruncal septum: location, forms

A
  • spiral septum in bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus

- forms ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

68
Q

Neural crest cells migrate into….

A

pharyngeal arches

69
Q

Aortic arches grow into…

A

pharyngeal arches

70
Q

Neural crest cells are incorporated into…

A

aorta and pulmonary trunk

71
Q

Neural crest cells may be a part of…

A

semilunar valves

Anatomy (2 decks)

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