The Heart Flashcards
Where is the human heart is located within the thoracic cavity?
Medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum
Within the mediastinum, the heart is separated from the other mediastinal structures by what?
Pericardium/Pericardial sac
The superior surface of the heart is called what?
the base
The upper chambers of the heart are called what?
Atria
What is the purpose of the atria?
Acts as a blood receiving chamber and contracts to push blood into the lower chambers.
The ventricles serve as the primary pumping chambers of the heart, where do they push the blood to?
the lungs or to the rest of the body
This circuit transports blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation.
Pulmonary circuit
This circuit transports oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the pulmonary circulation.
Systemic circuit
What pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk?
The right ventricle
The pulmonary trunk leads towards the lungs and bifurcates towards what arteries?
the left and right PULMONARY arteries
Where does gas exchange occur for blood in the pulmonary circuit?
Pulmonary capillaries
Highly oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs passes through a series of vessels that join together to form what?
Pulmonary veins
The pulmonary veins conduct blood into the ______atrium, which pumps the blood into the _____ ventricle, which in turn pumps oxygenated blood into the _____ and on to the many branches of the systemic circuit.
left, left, aorta
where does exchanges within the tissue fluid and cells of the body occur?
Systemic capillaries
The systemic capillaries eventually unite to form what venules?
the Superior and Inferior vena cava
where does blood from the superior and inferior vena cava flow to?
the right atrium, then blood cycle will repeat itself
The membrane that directly surrounds the heart and defines the pericardial cavity is called the what?
pericardium
The pericardium, which literally translates as “around the heart,” consists of two distinct sublayers called what?
outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium
the parietal pericardium and epicardium are the delicate layers of which pericardium?
Serous pericardium
excess fluid build up within the pericardial space is a condition called?
Cardiac Tamponade
How many valves does the heart have?
4
What is the purpose of the 4 heart valves?
to prevent the backflow of blood in the atria/ventricles
Tricuspid valve (right) and the Mitral valve (left) are the 2 portions of what?
Atrioventricular valve (AV)
What anchors the AV valve cusps to the papilary muscles?
Chordae tendineae
Aortic semilunar valve and Pulmonary semilunar valve make up what valves?
Semilunar valves
Thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium is diagnosed as?
Angina pectoris
What is a Myocardial infarction?
A heart attack
Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential, when the calcium channels remain open and potassium channels are closed, is called the?
relative refractory period.
absolute refractory period.
plateau phase.
threshold.
Plateau phase
What Cranial Nerve innervates the heart?
Cranial Nerve X The Vagus Nerve
What is the resumption of the heartbeat called?
The Vagal Escape
What is a cluster of autorhythmic cardiac cells found in the right atrial wall?
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Considered to be the heart’s “pacemaker”.
SA Node
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that dominates during exercise is
the sympathetic branch.
both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic branches.
neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic branch.
the parasympathetic branch.
the sympathetic branch
Norepinephrine affects the heart rate by
increasing the rate of depolarization and increasing the frequency of action potentials.
decreasing the rate of depolarization and increasing the frequency of action potentials.
decreasing the rate of depolarization and decreasing the frequency of action potentials.
increasing the rate of depolarization and decreasing the frequency of action potentials.
increasing the rate of depolarization and increasing the frequency of action potentials.
Pilocarpine is a cholinergic drug, an acetylcholine agonist. Predict the effect that pilocarpine will have on heart rate.
None of the choices is correct.
Pilocarpine will decrease the heart rate.
Pilocarpine will increase the heart rate.
Pilocarpine will have no effect on the heart rate.
Pilocarpine will decrease the heart rate.
