The Heart

Question 1

Where is the human heart is located within the thoracic cavity?

Answer 1

Medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum

Question 2

Within the mediastinum, the heart is separated from the other mediastinal structures by what?

Answer 2

Pericardium/Pericardial sac

Question 3

The superior surface of the heart is called what?

Answer 3

the base

Question 4

The upper chambers of the heart are called what?

Answer 4

Atria

Question 5

What is the purpose of the atria?

Answer 5

Acts as a blood receiving chamber and contracts to push blood into the lower chambers.

Question 6

The ventricles serve as the primary pumping chambers of the heart, where do they push the blood to?

Answer 6

the lungs or to the rest of the body

Question 7

This circuit transports blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation.

Answer 7

Pulmonary circuit

Question 8

This circuit transports oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the pulmonary circulation.

Answer 8

Systemic circuit

Question 9

What pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 9

The right ventricle

Question 10

The pulmonary trunk leads towards the lungs and bifurcates towards what arteries?

Answer 10

the left and right PULMONARY arteries

Question 11

Where does gas exchange occur for blood in the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 11

Pulmonary capillaries

Question 12

Highly oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs passes through a series of vessels that join together to form what?

Answer 12

Pulmonary veins

Question 13

The pulmonary veins conduct blood into the ______atrium, which pumps the blood into the _____ ventricle, which in turn pumps oxygenated blood into the _____ and on to the many branches of the systemic circuit.

Answer 13

left, left, aorta

Question 14

where does exchanges within the tissue fluid and cells of the body occur?

Answer 14

Systemic capillaries

Question 15

The systemic capillaries eventually unite to form what venules?

Answer 15

the Superior and Inferior vena cava

Question 16

where does blood from the superior and inferior vena cava flow to?

Answer 16

the right atrium, then blood cycle will repeat itself

Question 17

The membrane that directly surrounds the heart and defines the pericardial cavity is called the what?

Answer 17

pericardium

Question 18

The pericardium, which literally translates as “around the heart,” consists of two distinct sublayers called what?

Answer 18

outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium

Question 19

the parietal pericardium and epicardium are the delicate layers of which pericardium?

Answer 19

Serous pericardium

Question 20

excess fluid build up within the pericardial space is a condition called?

Answer 20

Cardiac Tamponade

Question 21

How many valves does the heart have?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

What is the purpose of the 4 heart valves?

Answer 22

to prevent the backflow of blood in the atria/ventricles

Question 23

Tricuspid valve (right) and the Mitral valve (left) are the 2 portions of what?

Answer 23

Atrioventricular valve (AV)

Question 24

What anchors the AV valve cusps to the papilary muscles?

Answer 24

Chordae tendineae

Question 25

Aortic semilunar valve and Pulmonary semilunar valve make up what valves?

Answer 25

Semilunar valves

Question 26

Thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium is diagnosed as?

Answer 26

Angina pectoris

Question 27

What is a Myocardial infarction?

Answer 27

A heart attack

Question 28

Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential, when the calcium channels remain open and potassium channels are closed, is called the?

relative refractory period.

absolute refractory period.

plateau phase.

threshold.

Answer 28

Plateau phase

Question 29

What Cranial Nerve innervates the heart?

Answer 29

Cranial Nerve X The Vagus Nerve

Question 30

What is the resumption of the heartbeat called?

Answer 30

The Vagal Escape

Question 31

What is a cluster of autorhythmic cardiac cells found in the right atrial wall?

Answer 31

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

Question 32

Considered to be the heart’s “pacemaker”.

Answer 32

SA Node

Question 33

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that dominates during exercise is

the sympathetic branch.

both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic branches.

neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic branch.

the parasympathetic branch.

Answer 33

the sympathetic branch

Question 34

Norepinephrine affects the heart rate by

increasing the rate of depolarization and increasing the frequency of action potentials.

decreasing the rate of depolarization and increasing the frequency of action potentials.

decreasing the rate of depolarization and decreasing the frequency of action potentials.

increasing the rate of depolarization and decreasing the frequency of action potentials.

Answer 34

increasing the rate of depolarization and increasing the frequency of action potentials.

Question 35

Pilocarpine is a cholinergic drug, an acetylcholine agonist. Predict the effect that pilocarpine will have on heart rate.

None of the choices is correct.

Pilocarpine will decrease the heart rate.

Pilocarpine will increase the heart rate.

Pilocarpine will have no effect on the heart rate.

Answer 35

Pilocarpine will decrease the heart rate.