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A & P II > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

describe the function of the heart

A

helps maintain homeostasis of blood pressure

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2
Q

trace the flow of blood through the heart and pulmonary circuit

A

deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart; gas exchange occurs between ait in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries; oxygenated blood is returned to the left side of the heart

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3
Q

describe the structure of the heart

A

chambers = left & right atrium and left & right ventricles
great vessels = veins (vena cava and pulmonary veins) and arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunk)
valves = tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary, and aortic

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4
Q

describe the structure and function of the coronary arteries and cardiac veins

A

coronary arteries = right & left coronary arteries and ascending aorta
cardiac veins = great, small, and middle cardiac veins

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5
Q

receive blood from veins?

A

atria

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6
Q

pump blood into ventricles?

A

atria

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7
Q

pump blood into ventricles through…

A

valves

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8
Q

close when ventricles contract to keep blood from moving backward

A

flaps on valves

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9
Q

eject blood into arteries?

A

ventricles

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10
Q

bring blood to and away from heart

A

great vessels

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11
Q

drains deoxygenated blood from veins superior to diaphragm

A

superior vena cava

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12
Q

drains deoxygenated blood from veins inferior to diaphragm

A

inferior vena cava

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13
Q

receives deoxygenated blood pumped from right ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

bring deoxygenated blood to right and left lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

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15
Q

supplies entire systemic circuit with oxygenated blood

A

aorta

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16
Q

returns oxygenated blood in pulmonary capillaries to heart

A

pulmonary veins

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17
Q

pulmonary circuit =

A

deoxygenated blood

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18
Q

systemic circuit =

A

oxygenated blood

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19
Q

two valves that prevent blood backflow into atria

A

tricuspid and bicuspid valves

20
Q

two valves that prevent blood backflow into ventricles

A

pulmonary and aortic valves

21
Q

the big picture

A

blood in systemic capillaries delivers oxygen to body cells; systemic veins return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium; blood passes from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle; the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk; the pulmonary trunk delivers blood to the pulmonary capillaries of the left and right lungs; the aorta delivers blood to the systemic capillaries; the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve to the aorta; blood passes from the left atrium through the mitral valve to the left ventricle; the blood becomes oxygenated in the pulmonary capillaries and the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium

22
Q

how you get blood flow to the tissues of the heart

A

coronary circulation

23
Q

systems of channels formed between blood vessels; bypass; used for blockage of a coronary artery so we put a blood vessel around it so blood can still get down to the heart tissue

A

anastomoses

24
Q

pathway of coronary circulation

A

the coronary arteries come off from the ascending aorta, so as the heart contracts, blood is pushed out through the aorta and its oxygenated; the oxygenated blood then goes to the coronary arteries that takes the blood to the myocardium of the heart; the coronary veins drain blood into the coronary sinus which is what is going to connect to the vena cava and drain the blood from the three great veins into the right atrium

25
Q

comes off the aorta and takes blood to the heart muscle

A

coronary arteries

26
Q

cardiac electrical activity is coordinated by very small, unique population of cardiac muscle cells that start their own action potential

A

pacemaker cells

27
Q

these cells rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials and spread to other types of cardiac muscle cells that are propagated from pacemaker cells

A

contractile cells

28
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

the SA node generates an action potential, which spreads to atrial cells and the AV node; after the AV node delay, the action potential is conducted to the AV bundle and then to the right and left bundle branches; the action potential spreads from the bundle branches along the Purkinje fibers to the contractile cells of the ventricles

29
Q

represents atria depolarization

A

P wave

30
Q

represents ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

31
Q

represents ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

32
Q

heart sounds

A

under normal conditions, blood flow through open AV and semilunar valves is relatively quiet; sounds ONLY occur when valves CLOSE; sounds are likely a result from VIBRATIONS of ventricular and blood vessel walls

33
Q

S1 =

A

“lub” when AV valves CLOSE

34
Q

S2 =

A

“dub” when SEMILUNAR valves CLOSE

35
Q

occurs when blood flow through heart is turbulent and caused by defective valves

A

heart murmur

36
Q

average heart rate

A

60-80 beats per minute

37
Q

amount of blood pumped into pulmonary and systemic circuits in 1 minute

A

cardiac output

38
Q

resting stroke volume =

A

70ml

39
Q

normal adult blood volume =

A

5 liters

40
Q

factors that influence stroke volume

A

preload, heart contractility, and afterload

41
Q

refers to length or degree of stretch of sarcomeres in ventricular cells before they contract

A

preload

42
Q

heart’s intrinsic pumping ability

A

contractility

43
Q

refers to force that right and left ventricles must overcome in order to eject blood into their respective arteries

A

afterload

44
Q

how changes in preload, contractility, and afterload affect stroke volume

A

high preload leads to high EDV = increased contractility = low afterload = high stroke volume and low ESV

low preload leads to low EDV = weakened contractility = high afterload = low stroke volume and high ESV

45
Q

factors that influence heart rate

A

chronotropic agents

46
Q

anything that increases rate at which SA node fires; includes sympathetic nervous system, hormones, and elevated body temp

A

positive chronotropic agents

47
Q

anything that decreases rate at which SA node fires; includes parasympathetic nervous system and decreased body temp

A

negative chronotropic agents

A & P II (9 decks)

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