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BIO HL: Anatomy and Physiology > The heart > Flashcards

The heart Flashcards

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1
Q

Contrast single and double circulation.

A

Single Circulation:
- flows through the heart 1x per cycle
- heart has only one atrium and ventricle
- when blood becomes deoxygenated, it is pumped to gills which oxygenate the blood

Double circulation
- blood flows through the heart twice per complete cycle
- The right side of the heart received deoxygenated blood back from the body and sends it to the right atrium-> right ventricle. It is now pumped into the lungs for oxygenation
- the left ventricle received this oxygenated blood, pumps it into the left atrium and into the body

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2
Q

What are the differences/ similarities between skeletal and cardiac muscles

A

Simlarities:
- striated appearance
- similar arrangement of actin and myosin

Differences:
Skeletal:
-longer
-narrower
multinucleate
-voluntary control

Cardiac:
- shorter
- wider
- one nucleus
- non-voluntary control

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3
Q

Describe cardiac muscle cells

A
  • branched
  • connected via intercalated discs
  • low electrical resistance(free diffusion of ions)
  • one nucleus
  • discs run perpendicular to directoin of muscle cells
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4
Q

What does the connections of intercalated discs provide to the heart?

A
  • in sync contractions of cells
  • rapid transmission of electrical impulses
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5
Q

The 3 veins of the heart

A

Aorta, pulmonary artey, coronary arteries

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6
Q

Describe the pulmonary artery

A

2 branches carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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7
Q

Describe the aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle into the body

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8
Q

Describe the superior vena cava

A

carried deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium

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9
Q

Describe the inferior vena cava

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium

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10
Q

Describe the pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium and into the body

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11
Q

Describe the coronary artery

A

It is connected to the aorta and carries the most oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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12
Q

What carries the freshest blood to the heart muscle?

A

The coronary artery

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13
Q

Describe the right artrioventricular valve (trisculpid)

A
  • parachute like
  • prevents backflow from the right venrticle into the atrium
  • has 3 cusps( attached to tendious cords)(3 parts and large)
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14
Q

Describe the left artrioventricular valve (mitral)

A
  • looks like a line trawn through the valve
  • is two parts
  • prevents backflow from the rigth ventricle to the atrium
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15
Q

Describe the pulmonary semilunar valve.

A
  • prevents back flow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle
  • 3 parts, smaller than tricuspid
  • 3 half-moon cusps
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16
Q

describe the aorrtic semilunar valve

A
  • prevents back flow form the aorta into the left ventricle
  • 3 half moon cusps
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17
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

Events which happen in the heart from the end of a heart beat until the end of a next one

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18
Q

Right before a new cardiac cycle begins, what happens?

A

blood is rushing in from the body and the lungs

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19
Q

How is the SA node started?

A

By blood rushing in from the body and the heart

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20
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

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21
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of the heart

22
Q

Describe the steps in the cardiac cycle

A

Blood passively flows into the right and left atriums.
SA node is stimulated and releases electrical stimuli passing from cell to cell.

The atriums contract, pushing the blood out into the ventricles. The specialised bundles of fibres carry signals to the AV node.

When the ventricles fill, the AV node signals the AV bundle.

The AV bundle carries impulses to septum and from there to the purkinje fibres, signaling the walls of the L and R atriums to contract.

23
Q

What is the first noise of a heart beat?

A

“LUB”
The mitral and tricuspid valves shutting.

24
Q

What is the second loud noise of a heart beat?

A

“DUB”
The pulmonary and aortic valves shutting

25
Q

WHat is a healthy sound of a heart?

A

Lub-Dub

26
Q

What is an unhealthy sound of a heart?

A

Murmur

27
Q

List the nodes step by step

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Septum
Purkinje fibers

28
Q

What is the last step in the cardiac cycle?

A

The purkinje fibers signal the walls of the ventricle to contract

29
Q

EKG traces graph the cardiac cycle.
P
QRS
T
(like the alphabet)
are different steps in the cycle. What are they?

A

P is the SA node firing and atria contracting
QRS is the AV node iring and ventricles contracting
T is the relaxing(diastole) of the ventricles

30
Q

What is used to listen to the heartbeat?

A

A stethoscope

31
Q

How did Rene laennec get the idea of the stethoscope?

A

He saw children transmit sound through wood. He tried this with tightly rolled paper and it worked, he decided upon a hollow wooden tube.

32
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

Controlled by muscle

33
Q

WHat is the control of the heart beat?

A

Myogenic

34
Q

What are two technologies which deal with a failing heart?

A

Defilibrators and artificial pacemakers.

35
Q

Explain artificial pacemakers

A

They maintain the naturing rythm of a heart beak
- they monitor the heart
- send impulses only when the heart misses a beat

36
Q

explain defilibrators

A
  • they treat life threatening cardiac conditions
  • during a heart attach the heart is deprived of O2 and contracts chaotically.
    The defilibrator sends electrical impulses across the heart to restore the natural rythm.
37
Q

What controls the speed of a heart beat?

A

The nervous system

38
Q

Where is the cardiac center in the brain?

A

Medula oblongata

39
Q

What two nerves in the medula oblongata control the heart rate difefrently.

A
  • vaus nerve
  • sympathetic nerve
40
Q

What does the vagus nerve do

A

It decreases the heart rate(eg. during cool down)

41
Q

What does the sympathetic nerve do?

A
  • increases heart rate(eg. during exercise)
42
Q

What does the endocrine system control?

A
  • stimulates pacemaker
  • adrenaline
    -accelerates heart
43
Q

What is imbalance in nutrition?

A

not enough vitamins and mineral intake. This results in abnormal heart contractions

44
Q

What is excess in nutrition?

A
  • having too much nutrition
  • overweight
  • related to coronary heart disease
  • high blood pressure
45
Q

What is deficiency in nutrition?

A
  • under nutrition
  • loose weight

The body will eat itself
- glycogen for energy
- muscle for protein
- triglycerides for fats

If heart muscle is beaing eaten, the heart becomes weak and so does blood pressure.
- increased risk of heart failure

46
Q

Why is double circulation so important?

A

it allows the pulmonary and systemic vessels to push blood with different pressures. The aorta withstands great amounts of pressure while the pulmonary artery must be careful as the lung could be damaged from high pressures.

47
Q

Compare the lumen diameter and wall layers of veins, arteries and capillaries.

A

Arteries:
THICK
- Tunica adventita
-Tunica media
-Tunica intima

Veins:
thinner
-tunica adventita
-tunica media
-tunica intima

Capillaries
extremely thin- one cell thick
- tunica intima

48
Q

Compare the pressures of veins, arteries and capillaries

A

Veins:
low
- need to pump into lungs and body

Arteries
- coming in passively
high

capilarries:
low

49
Q

Compare the lumen diameter of veins, capillaries and arteries

A

arteries: narrow

veins: wide

capillaries: tiny: one cell wide

50
Q

Compare the function of arteries, veins and capillaries

A

arteries: carrying blood out of the heart

veins: carrying blood into the heart

capillaries: material exchange with tissues

BIO HL: Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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