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Human Anatomy > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the pericardium and what do they attach to?

A

Fibrous - to great vessels and diaphragm, parietal serous - to fibrous, visceral serous - to surface of heart

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2
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Anchors heart + limits movement/ excessive dilation, protection, lubrication

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3
Q

What is effusion of the pericardium?

A

Excess fluid build up in the pericardium sac, puts pressure on heart and leads to cardiac tamponade

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4
Q

What is special about all three layers of the pericardium?

A

They’re all continuous of each other

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5
Q

What veins lead to right atrium?

A

Superior/inferior vena cava

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6
Q

Where are the tricuspid valves and the fossa ovalis?

A

Valves between R atrium and ventricle, ovalis is on interatrial septum

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7
Q

What do pectinate muscles do and where found?

A

Right atrium - increases contractile force without increasing heart mass substantially

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8
Q

What is the coronary sinus responsible for and where is the opening found?

A

Draining majority of deoxygenated blood from heart, located in right atrium

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9
Q

What two structures in the ventricles help to open/close the tricuspid and mitral valves?

A

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

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10
Q

What is the septomarginal band?

A

Thick band of muscle ONLY in right ventricle - can help distinguish and aids timing of contractions

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11
Q

What main artery and valve leaves from the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary (semilunar) valve and pulmonary trunk of artery

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12
Q

What veins enter the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

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13
Q

What is the auricle found on left and right atria?

A

Acts as a reservoir when fluid is high and adds to contractile force

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14
Q

Where are is the mitral valve?

A

Between L atrium and L ventricle

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15
Q

What do the trabeculae carneae do?

A

Tubular muscles lining ventricles, contraction pulls on chordae tendineae to help prevent backflow into atria

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16
Q

What is the artery and valve that leaves the left ventricle and what’s special about the myocardium of the left ventricle?

A

Aorta and aortic valve, myocardium is very thick

17
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart and how do they work?

A

Anchors valves by attaching to myocardium, 4 fibrous rings surrounding each valve

18
Q

Which is bigger, the fibrous ring around the AV valves or the SL valves?

A

AV valves have a bigger fibrous ring

19
Q

List arteries in heart

A

L + R coronary, L circumflex and anterior descending arteries, L + R marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery

20
Q

List veins in the heart

A

Coronary sinus, great cardiac, middle cardiac, small cardiac, anterior interventricular vein

21
Q

What happens during ventricle systole? (contraction, pressure, valves, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles)

A

Ventricles contract, atria relax, pressure in ventricles greater than in arteries and atria, AV valves close and SL open, chordae tendineae are pulled taut, papillary muscles contracted

22
Q

What does the contraction of the papillary muscles do?

A

Prevents valve cusps from prolapsing

23
Q

What happens during atrial systole? (contraction, pressure, valves, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles)

A

Atria contract, ventricles relax, pressure in atria higher than in ventricles, AV valves open, SL closed, chordae tendineae slack, papillary muscles relaxed

24
Q

Is the closing of SL valves an active or passive process and why?

A

Passive - backflow fills cusps and closes valves, no papillary muscles required

25
Q

How many pulses are released from the SA node and what does it cause?

A

70-80 pulses/min, atria contraction

26
Q

What happens between impulses and why?

A

0.1 sec pause due to layer of non-conductive tissue, allows ventricles to fill with blood

27
Q

Where does the signal go after the pause?

A

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

28
Q

Where do the AV bundle branches conduct impulses?

A

Down interventricular septum to apex

29
Q

Once at apex what happens to the impulse signal?

A

Signal passes through purkinje fibres and contracts ventricles from the bottom up

30
Q

What artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?

A

R coronary artery

31
Q

What arteries supply the bundle branches?

A

Descending and interventricular arteries

32
Q

What are the three parts to the cardiac plexus?

A

the parasympathetic, sympathetic and general visceral afferents

33
Q

What does the vagus (parasympathetic) nerve do?

A

Decreases heart rate in a limited manner as less distributed

34
Q

What does the sympathetic trunk do?

A

Increases rate of firing in heart for fight/flight responses

Human Anatomy (18 decks)

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