The Heart Flashcards
What is the cardiac cycle?
The sequence of mechanical and electrical events that repeats with each heart beat
How do you calculate the duration of the cardiac cycle?
60/heart rate
What are the 2 major phases of the cardiac cycle?
- Filling phase
- Emptying phase
What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle (with respect to the ventricles)?
- Inflow phase
- Isovolumetric contraction
- Outflow phase
- Isovolumetric relaxation
What happens during the inflow phase? (2)
- Blood enters the ventricles from the atria
- Atrioventricular valves open, semi-lunar valves closed
What happens during the isovolumetric contraction phase? (2)
- Both valves closed
- Ventricles contract
What does isovolumetric mean?
With no volume change
What happens during the outflow phase? (2)
- Atrioventricular valves are closed, semi-lunar valves are open
- Blood leaves the ventricles into aorta/pulmonary artery
What happens during the isovolumetric relaxation phase? (2)
- Ventricles relax
- Both valves closed
What does diastole mean?
Ventricles relaxing
What does systole mean?
Ventricles contracting
During which phases of the cardiac cycle are the ventricles in diastole? (2)
- Inflow phase
- Isovolumetric relaxation
During which phases of the cardiac cycle are the ventricles in systole? (2)
- Isovolumetric contraction
- Outflow phase
What happens to the duration of the cardiac cycle when your heart rate increases?
Time spent in diastole decreases
What does the dicrotic notch indicate?
Closing of the aortic valve
What is the name of the atrioventricular valve in the left side of the heart
Mitral valve
Where is the mitral valve?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
What happens during the end of the inflow phase in the left side of the heart? (3)
- Mitral valve is open due to higher pressure in the atrium than the ventricle
- Small, slow increase in ventricular volume
- Atrium contracts (systole) causing small increase in pressure in atrium and ventricle
What happens during the isovolumetric contraction phase in the left side of the heart? (3)
- No change in ventricular volume
- Ventricle contracts so ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure which closes the mitral valve (both valves shut)
- Ventricular pressure rises above aortic pressure which opens the semi-lunar valve (end of phase)
What happens during the outflow phase in the left side of the heart? (3)
- Rapid ejection of blood from the ventricle causing decrease in ventricular volume
- Aortic pressure rises above ventricular pressure
- Small increase in atrial pressure as they start to fill
What happens during the isovolumetric relaxation phase in the left side of the heart? (3)
- Ventricles relax so pressure falls rapidly
- Small amount of backflow of blood from aorta into the ventricle causing the semi-lunar valve to shut (dicrotic notch)
- Both valves closed
What happens during the start of the inflow phase in the left side of the heart? (3)
- Ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure so mitral valve opens
- Blood enters the ventricle from the atrium causing increase in ventricular volume
- Pressure increases in atrium and ventricle
What are the 3 sections of an ECG?
- P wave
- QRS complex
- T wave
What is the P wave associated with?
Atrial depolarisation causing atrial contraction
What is the QRS wave associated with?
Ventricular depolarisation causing ventricular contraction
What is the T wave associated with?
Ventricular repolarisation i.e. relaxation and fall in ventricular pressure
What is the QT interval?
Time between start of ventricular depolarisation and the end of ventricular repolarisation
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Heart rate x stroke volume
What is the approximate value of cardiac output at rest?
5L per minute
What is stroke volume?
Volume of blood ejected per heartbeat
What is the approximate value of stroke volume at rest?
70ml