The Health System Flashcards
A complex network of organizations,
institutions, resources, and people whose primary purpose is to improve health
Health System
Health System includes everything from hospitals and clinics to?
health policies and financing mechanisms
Who said this? What year?
“The combination of resources, organization, financing, and management that culminate in the delivery of health services to the population.”
Dr. Milton Roemer, 1991
______ Model of Health Service System
Roemer
composed of the Ministry of Health
(Department of Health), voluntary
agencies (Philippine Red Cross), and
both private and public healthcare
facilities
Organization of programs
involves health planning, administration, coordination, legislation, and regulation
Management
comes from charity, insurance, and social security
Economic support
involves manpower, facilities, and knowledge
Resource Production
the provision of successful tests wherein primary care offers basic tests, secondary care offers specialized tests, and tertiary medical care offers advanced tests
Delivery of Services
Defined health system as “all the organizations, institutions, resources, and people whose primary purpose is to improve health.”
WHO, 2000
According to WHO, in order to have a good healthcare system we need?
motivated medical staff, good infrastructure, and adequate funding.
This goal is:
- the overarching goal
- involves the screening, prevention, and treatment
- striving for equity in health through minimizing inequitable health disparities
such as income, ethnicity, occupation, gender, geographic location, and sexual orientation
Improving the health of populations
This goal:
aims for a healthy community with a low mortality rate and high life expectancy
Improving the responsiveness of the population system to the population it serves
Goal 2:
- vaccinations
- health education
- disease prevention measures
Preventive Care
Goal 2:
- providing effective medical
treatments to cure diseases
Curative
Services
Goal 2:
- encouraging a healthy
lifestyle
Health Promotion
Goal 2:
- ensuring the proper
management and care if
chronic illnesses to prevent
complications and improve
quality of life
Chronic Disease Management
Goal 2:
- be aware of current statistics and data of illnesses, especially chronic diseases
Monitor and Evaluate
Goal 2:
- ensuring the health system
treats the individual with
dignity, respect, and
confidentiality
Respect Persons
Goal 2:
- providing the care that is
respectful of and responsive
to the needs and values of
the individual
Patient-centered Care
Goal 2:
- immediate provision of
results for an efficient and
effective treatment
Timely Access
Goal 2:
- maintaining high standard
Quality of Care
Goal 2:
- respect the beliefs and
values of individuals
Cultural Sensitivity
Goal 2:
- involving individuals and
community in the planning
and decision-making
Engagement and Empowerment
This goal is:
- using the Universal Health Coverage
- ensuring that all individuals have access to necessary services without suffering
financial hardship
Fairness in financial contribution
Goal 3:
- allocating resources and
services to diminish health
disparities
Fair Distribution of Resources
Goal 3:
- ensuring accessibility to
medicine and laboratory
tests to all individuals, no
matter the economic status
Affordability
Goal 3:
- addressing broader social
factors affecting health
equity
Social Determinants of Health
This Vital Function:
- most visible product of the healthcare
system - involves provision of health services to individuals and populations ensuring that
they are available, accessible, highquality, and patient-centered - the health system must consist of adequate numbers of manpower, training
and education, equitable distributions, motivations and retentions, and task shifting
Health service provision
This Vital Function:
- the assembling of essential resources for delivering health services
- includes health professionals such as
doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and medical technologists as well as support
staff and administrators - also includes medications and medical equipments
Health service inputs
This Vital Function:
- involves the oversight, policy-making, and strategic direction necessary to guide the health system and ensure its accountability and responsiveness
- usually a governmental responsibility
Stewardship
This Vital Function:
- involves the generation, allocation, and management of funds to ensure that health services are provided effectively and equitably
Health financing
Health financing:
- collection of money to pay for health care services
- mechanisms include general
taxation, donor financing,
mandatory payroll contributions, mandatory or voluntary risk-rated
contributions, direct household out-of-pocket expenditures, and other forms of personal savings
Revenue Collection
Health financing:
- collection and management of financial resources in a way that spreads financial risk from an individual to all pool members
(WHO, 2000) - financial risk pooling is the core function of health insurance mechanisms
Risk Pooling
Risk Pooling:
- uses an insurance system
where the sickness fund
finances both the
employers and employees - observed in Germany,
France, Belgium,
Netherlands, Japan,
Switzerland, and Latin
America
Bismarck Model
Risk Pooling:
Who made Bismarck Model and when?
- Bismarck’s Law of Health
Insurance of 1883 - Otto von Bismarck,
Prussian Chancellor
Risk Pooling:
- health care is provided and
funded by the government
through tax payments - used in Great Britain,
Spain, Scandinavia, New
Zealand, Hongkong, and
Cuba
Beveridge Model
Risk Pooling:
Who made Beveridge Model and when?
- Beveridge Report or Social
Insurance and Allied
Services of 1942 - William Beveridge
Health financing:
- risk-pooling organizations use collected funds and pooled financial resources to finance health care services for the members
Strategic Purchasing
This Building Block:
timely delivery of quality and cost effective or personal and non-personal health services to those who need them,
when and where needed, with minimum waste of resources
Service Delivery
This Building Block:
encompasses all individuals who are engaged in actions including health professionals, administrators, staff, and support workers to achieve the best outcome of health services given the
available resources and circumstances
Health Workforce
This Building Block:
- collects, analyze, and disseminate data which is related to the health status, services, and system
- provide essential information for decision making and policy-developing
Information
This Building Block:
ensuring that essential medicine and health technologies are available,
affordable, and high-quality which is accessible to the public
Medical Products, Vaccines, and Technologies
This Building Block:
involves generating, allocating, and managing financing resources to ensure
that health services are available and accessible to the public
Financing
This Building Block:
oversight regulation and strategic direction of health system to ensure that
operates effectively, transparently, and in
the best interest of the populations
Leadership and Governance
What are the outcomes of a good health system?
▪ Improved Health (Level and Equity)
▪ Responsiveness
▪ Social and Financial Risk Protection
▪ Improved Efficiency
What year is this?
- Adoption of Primary Health Care (LOI 949)
- promoted participatory management of
the local health care system
1979
What year is this?
- Reorganization of DOH (EO 851)
- to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of delivering health services
- integrated public health and hospital services
1982
What year is this?
- The Generics Act (RA 6675)
- prescriptions are written using the generic name of the drug in an attempt to lower
expenditure on drugs by promoting and encouraging non-branded medicines
1988
What year is this?
- Local Government Code (RA 7160)
- governs the organizational structures and responsibility of Local Government Units
- transfer of responsibility of health services provisions to the LGUs
1991
What year is this?
- National Health Insurance Act (RA 7875)
- establish the National Health Insurance Program to provide all citizens a mechanism for financial protection with priority given to the poor
1995
What year is this?
- Health Sector Reform Agenda
- set of policies, strategies, and actions which aims to improve the efficiency,
effectiveness, equity, and sustainability of the country’s health system - major organizational restructuring of the DOH to improve the way health care is delivered, regulated, and financed
1999
What year is this?
- FOURmula One (F1) for Health
- adoption of operational framework to undertake reforms with speed, precision, and effective coordination
2005
What year is this?
- Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008 (RA 9502)
- promotes and ensures access to affordable quality drugs and medicines for all
2008
What year is this?
- Kalusugang Pangkalahatan or Universal Health Care (AO 2010-0036)
- universal health coverage and access to quality health cate for all Filipinos (ex.
Malasakit Centers)
2010
Department of Health Tasks
- Development of plans, guidelines, and standards for the health sector
- Technical assistance
- Capacity building
- Advisory services for disease prevention; and
- Control of medical supplies and vaccines
take care of their own health services and are
given autonomy under the Local Government
Code (LOGC) of?
1991 (RA 7160)
LGU composed of:
- 78 provincial governors
- 138 city mayors
- 1,496 municipal mayors
- 42,025 barangay chairpersons
- grouped into 17 regions
