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HYMS Block 11 > The Growing Child > Flashcards

The Growing Child Flashcards

1
Q
  1. define global developmental delay
  2. define isolated developmental delay
  3. define developmental disorder
  4. define developmental regression
A
  1. developmental delay in at least 2 areas
  2. developmental delay in one area
  3. a group of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood, that involve serious impairment in different areas; comprised of language disorders, learning disorders, motor disorders and ASD
  4. loss of ability to perform previously achieved milestones
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2
Q
  1. In what “direction” does gross motor development occur
  2. describe gross motor development at:
    a) 3 months
    b) 6 months
    c) 9 months
    d) 12 months
  3. What is the red flag for walking
A
  1. cephalo-caudal progression - from head to toe
    2a) head control
    2b) sitting
    2c) crawling
    2d) walking
  2. 18 months
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3
Q

by what age can a child:

  1. reach out and grab
  2. transfer objects hand to hand
  3. build blocks
  4. palmar grasp
  5. pincer grasp
  6. draw a triangle
A
  1. 3-5 months
  2. 6 months
  3. 15-18 months
  4. 6-9 months
  5. 12 months
  6. 3 years
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4
Q

Name 5 causes of speech delay

A
  1. hearing loss
  2. mechanical issues
  3. part of global developmental problem
  4. environmental deprivation
  5. ASD
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5
Q

When does a child meet the following speech and language milestones:

  1. starts making noises
  2. responds to own name
  3. puts at least two words together
  4. talks well in sentences
A
  1. 4-6 months
  2. 12 months
  3. 18 -24 months
  4. 24-36 months
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6
Q

When does a child usually:

  1. smile
  2. parallel play
  3. taking own clothes off
  4. dressing independently
  5. toilet training
A
  1. 5-8 weeks
  2. 18-24 months
  3. 15 months
  4. 4 years
  5. 2-4 years
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7
Q
  1. why is early hand preference a red flag?
  2. What are the following red flags for:
    a) smiling
    b) holding objects
    c) sitting
A
  1. can indicate problem with non-preferred hand
    2a) 8 weeks
    b) 5 months
    c) 12 months
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8
Q
  1. What is the normal weight gain for children at two years?
  2. when is birth weight regained?
  3. When is birth weight doubled
  4. when is birth weight tripled?
A
  1. 2 kg/year
  2. 2 weeks
  3. 5 months
  4. 12 months
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9
Q
  1. What is failure to thrive?
  2. Below what centile do most children with FTT fall below?
  3. Is FTT mainly organic or inorganic?
  4. What weight milk does a baby usually require?
A
  1. suboptimal weight gain in infants and toddlers
  2. second centile
  3. inorganic
  4. 150ml/kg body weight
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10
Q

Name 5 organic causes of failure to thrive

A
  1. inadequate intake - poor technique, social issues
  2. inadequate retention - vomiting, GORD
  3. malabsorption - cow’s milk insuficiency
  4. failure to utilise nutrients - renal/liver disease, metabolic errors
  5. increased requirements - malignancy, thyrooxicosis
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11
Q

State the four basic issues in child development

A
  1. is child development continuous or discontinuous
  2. does child development follow one universal course or many?
  3. is development due to nature or nurture
  4. is the course of child development stable or subject to change?
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12
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTORS

  1. describe adverse prenatal experiences
  2. descrive adverse postnatal experiences
A
  1. maternal depression during pregnancy, HIV, drug use

2. global deprivation, postnatal depression, quality of infant child care

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13
Q
  1. What is a microsystem?

2. what is a macrosystem?

A
  1. relationship between person and their immediate environment
  2. institutional patterns of culture: SES, poverty, ethnicity
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14
Q

How is socio-emotional functioning in middle childhood seen through? (4)

A
  1. understanding and regulating emotions
  2. relationships between parents and children
  3. relationships with siblings
  4. relationships with peers
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15
Q

How is socio-emotional functioning in adolescence seen through? (4)

A
  1. social cognition
  2. increased understanding of morality and social conventions, and the functions they serve
  3. identity crisis
  4. peer acceptance, popularity, rejection
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16
Q

Describe the psychosocial stages at the folliwing ages:

  1. 0-1 years
  2. 1-3 years
  3. 3-6 years
  4. 6-11 years
  5. adolescence
A
  1. basic trust v mistrust
  2. autonomy v shame
  3. initiative v guilt
  4. industry v inferiority
  5. identity v confusion
17
Q

Define the following:

  1. schemes
  2. adaptation
  3. assimilation
  4. accomodation
A
  1. basic unit of cognition or understanding about an aspect of the world
  2. mechanism through which schemes result as a result of adjusting to changes
  3. the way in which we take information and perceptions so that they fit with our current understanding of the world
  4. process whereby a person changes and alters cognitive structures to incorporate new information
18
Q

What is the difference between “age” and “stage”

A

age - chronological age

stage - where the child is at in developmental terms

19
Q

Name 6 factors that can affect communication with a child

A
  1. hearing impairment
  2. speech development
  3. language comprehension
  4. visual impairment
  5. major life events
  6. if feeling unwell, might not feel like talking
20
Q
  1. which type of questions are best to use with children?

2. why should you avoid why questions?

A
  1. open questions

2. tend to be threatening and generate responses that are external to the child

21
Q

How may a child express their feelings about the illness of of significant others (5)

A
  1. loss of appetite
  2. sleeping difficulties
  3. underachievement at school
  4. spending more time away from home
  5. stop asking friends home
22
Q

What drives growth during the following periods:

  1. infancy
  2. early childhood
  3. pubertal growth spurt
A
  1. nutritional factors
  2. growth hormone
  3. growth hormone and sex hormones
23
Q
  1. Where is growth hormone produced?
  2. How is growth hormone secreted?
  3. Describe the negative feedback loop of GH secretion
A
  1. anterior pituitary somatotrophs
  2. highly episodic pulses - prominent bursts of secretion during slow wave sleep
  3. GH directly inhibits the anterior pituitary, and suppresses hypothalamic GHRH release
24
Q
  1. Describe 3 acute effects of growth hormone

2. Describe 3 long term effects of growth hormone

A
  1. stimulation of lipolysis
    inhibition of glucose uptake by muscle
    stimulation of gluconeogenesis
  2. stimulates the production of insulin like growth factors
    increased protein synthesis
    cell growth/proliferation
25
Q
  1. Where are insulin like growth factors produced?
  2. Describe the structure of the insulin like growth factor receptor
  3. Which IGF is the most influential on growth?
  4. Which IGF is largely independent of GH
  5. Describe the two instances in life where growth does not parallel [IGF-1] and GH
A
  1. various tissues, including kidney, muscle, cartilage, and bone, but predominantly the liver
  2. heterotetramer; RTK
  3. IGF-1
  4. IGF-2
  5. adulthood - longitudinal growth ceases but secretion of GH and IGF-1 continues (thought to be important regulators of body composition and promote anabolic reactions in muscle)
    early life - rapid growth but low levels of IGF-1
26
Q

Name 3 ways in which the thyroid hormones are important for normal growth

A
  1. essential for protein synthesis in the brain of foetus and infants
  2. essential for normal differentiation and maturation of skeleton and nervous tissue
  3. promotes linear growth of bone until puberty, ossification of bones and maturation of growth plates
27
Q
  1. What condition can inadequate levels of thyroid hormones during late foetal and early prenatal periods cause?
  2. describe 5 characteristics of this condition
A
  1. cretinism
  2. decreased size and number of cortical neurons
    reduction of branching in dendrites
    poor myelination
    reduced cerebral blood supply
    dwarfism
28
Q
  1. How do the sex hormones promote growth?
  2. Which sex hormones are important in:
    a) boys
    b) girls
  3. Why do people who go through puberty later tend to be taller?
A
  1. promotes secretion of GH
    2a. testosterone
    2b. oestradiol-17 beta
  2. sex hormones accelerate the rate at which the skeleton matures and thus shortens time available for growth before epiphyseal closure occurs
29
Q

When are the following hormones important for growth?

  1. thyroid hormones
  2. growth hormones
  3. oestrogens and androgens
A
  1. up to ~ age 4
  2. throughout development
  3. puberty
30
Q

When is the normal age of puberty in

  1. males
  2. females
  3. what is the onset of puberty associated with? (hormone)
  4. When is a diagnosis of delayed puberty given
    a) boys
    b) girls
A
  1. 9-14 (av age 12)
  2. 9-14 (av age 11)
  3. GnRH pulsing - causes rise in LH and FSH

4a) no testicular development by 14
4b) no breast development by 13 or no periods 3 years after breast development

31
Q
  1. What is the inheritance pattern of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  2. what gene is mutated in DMD?
  3. What is the normal function of this protein?
  4. How does a loss of function of this protein lead to pathology?
A
  1. X linked
  2. dystrophin - usually large insertions/deletions that result in frameshift mutations
  3. connects the actin cytoskeleton of skeletal muscle fibres to the surroindiing EXM, as part of the costamere complex
  4. destablises the costamere complex, leading to fibre damage and membrane leakage of intracellular proteins
32
Q
  1. What sign is positive in DMD

2. name symptoms of DMD

A
  1. Gower’s sign
  2. muscle weakness, typically of hips, pelvic area, thighs, calves first
    awkward manner of walking
    lumbar hyperlordosis
    frequent falls
    contractures of achilles and hamstrings
    progressive difficulty walking
    difficulty getting up from standing

HYMS Block 11 (7 decks)

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