The Growing Child Flashcards
- define global developmental delay
- define isolated developmental delay
- define developmental disorder
- define developmental regression
- developmental delay in at least 2 areas
- developmental delay in one area
- a group of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood, that involve serious impairment in different areas; comprised of language disorders, learning disorders, motor disorders and ASD
- loss of ability to perform previously achieved milestones
- In what “direction” does gross motor development occur
- describe gross motor development at:
a) 3 months
b) 6 months
c) 9 months
d) 12 months - What is the red flag for walking
- cephalo-caudal progression - from head to toe
2a) head control
2b) sitting
2c) crawling
2d) walking - 18 months
by what age can a child:
- reach out and grab
- transfer objects hand to hand
- build blocks
- palmar grasp
- pincer grasp
- draw a triangle
- 3-5 months
- 6 months
- 15-18 months
- 6-9 months
- 12 months
- 3 years
Name 5 causes of speech delay
- hearing loss
- mechanical issues
- part of global developmental problem
- environmental deprivation
- ASD
When does a child meet the following speech and language milestones:
- starts making noises
- responds to own name
- puts at least two words together
- talks well in sentences
- 4-6 months
- 12 months
- 18 -24 months
- 24-36 months
When does a child usually:
- smile
- parallel play
- taking own clothes off
- dressing independently
- toilet training
- 5-8 weeks
- 18-24 months
- 15 months
- 4 years
- 2-4 years
- why is early hand preference a red flag?
- What are the following red flags for:
a) smiling
b) holding objects
c) sitting
- can indicate problem with non-preferred hand
2a) 8 weeks
b) 5 months
c) 12 months
- What is the normal weight gain for children at two years?
- when is birth weight regained?
- When is birth weight doubled
- when is birth weight tripled?
- 2 kg/year
- 2 weeks
- 5 months
- 12 months
- What is failure to thrive?
- Below what centile do most children with FTT fall below?
- Is FTT mainly organic or inorganic?
- What weight milk does a baby usually require?
- suboptimal weight gain in infants and toddlers
- second centile
- inorganic
- 150ml/kg body weight
Name 5 organic causes of failure to thrive
- inadequate intake - poor technique, social issues
- inadequate retention - vomiting, GORD
- malabsorption - cow’s milk insuficiency
- failure to utilise nutrients - renal/liver disease, metabolic errors
- increased requirements - malignancy, thyrooxicosis
State the four basic issues in child development
- is child development continuous or discontinuous
- does child development follow one universal course or many?
- is development due to nature or nurture
- is the course of child development stable or subject to change?
DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTORS
- describe adverse prenatal experiences
- descrive adverse postnatal experiences
- maternal depression during pregnancy, HIV, drug use
2. global deprivation, postnatal depression, quality of infant child care
- What is a microsystem?
2. what is a macrosystem?
- relationship between person and their immediate environment
- institutional patterns of culture: SES, poverty, ethnicity
How is socio-emotional functioning in middle childhood seen through? (4)
- understanding and regulating emotions
- relationships between parents and children
- relationships with siblings
- relationships with peers
How is socio-emotional functioning in adolescence seen through? (4)
- social cognition
- increased understanding of morality and social conventions, and the functions they serve
- identity crisis
- peer acceptance, popularity, rejection
Describe the psychosocial stages at the folliwing ages:
- 0-1 years
- 1-3 years
- 3-6 years
- 6-11 years
- adolescence
- basic trust v mistrust
- autonomy v shame
- initiative v guilt
- industry v inferiority
- identity v confusion
Define the following:
- schemes
- adaptation
- assimilation
- accomodation
- basic unit of cognition or understanding about an aspect of the world
- mechanism through which schemes result as a result of adjusting to changes
- the way in which we take information and perceptions so that they fit with our current understanding of the world
- process whereby a person changes and alters cognitive structures to incorporate new information
What is the difference between “age” and “stage”
age - chronological age
stage - where the child is at in developmental terms
Name 6 factors that can affect communication with a child
- hearing impairment
- speech development
- language comprehension
- visual impairment
- major life events
- if feeling unwell, might not feel like talking
- which type of questions are best to use with children?
2. why should you avoid why questions?
- open questions
2. tend to be threatening and generate responses that are external to the child
How may a child express their feelings about the illness of of significant others (5)
- loss of appetite
- sleeping difficulties
- underachievement at school
- spending more time away from home
- stop asking friends home
What drives growth during the following periods:
- infancy
- early childhood
- pubertal growth spurt
- nutritional factors
- growth hormone
- growth hormone and sex hormones
- Where is growth hormone produced?
- How is growth hormone secreted?
- Describe the negative feedback loop of GH secretion
- anterior pituitary somatotrophs
- highly episodic pulses - prominent bursts of secretion during slow wave sleep
- GH directly inhibits the anterior pituitary, and suppresses hypothalamic GHRH release
- Describe 3 acute effects of growth hormone
2. Describe 3 long term effects of growth hormone
- stimulation of lipolysis
inhibition of glucose uptake by muscle
stimulation of gluconeogenesis - stimulates the production of insulin like growth factors
increased protein synthesis
cell growth/proliferation