The Great War & The Inter-War Years Flashcards
1
Q
Factors contributing to the outbreak
A
- German/British rivalry: Germany embarked upon a great naval building program, Britain troubled
- The European balance of power was upset
- France wanted revenge and the return of Alsace-Lorraine
- Conflict between Austria and the kingdom of Serbia- both nations despised each other.
- Austria, aka “Austria-Hungary” (the Dual Monarchy)- terms often used interchangeably
2
Q
After Bismarck’s departure….
A
A German treaty with Russia was allowed to lapse
3
Q
Who humiliated Serbia twice?
A
Austria-Hungary
4
Q
Austria-Hungary humiliated…. Twice
A
- Serbia
- Russia shared in these humiliations for it failed to aid its small Slavic friend
- Ingredients for war between Austria and Serbia (which could draw in Germany and Russia) were present
5
Q
Immediate cause of WWI
A
- Austria’s Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- His driver made a wrong turn which put him near Gavrillo Princip (a pan-Slav fanatic)
- Princip took out a pistol and assasinated Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
6
Q
“Blank check”
A
Austria received a “blank check” communication from Germany
Germany invaded neutral Belgium to attack France
Germany’s Schlieffen Plan called for a major offensive to defeat France quickly- then DT would turn its full attention on Russia
7
Q
Schlieffen Plan
A
Germany made this plan, which called for a major offensive to defeat France quickly, then DT would turn its full attention on Russia
8
Q
Triple Entente
A
Britain, France, Russia
9
Q
Central Powers
A
Germany, Austria-Hungary (aka Austria), Turkey (aka Ottoman Empire)
10
Q
World War One- fighting aspects
A
Total War- the entire society is mobilized for the war effort
Trench warfare- it characterized several fronts, but especially the crucial “Western Front” in France
Central Powers were hindered by GB’s blockade
The British had a recruiting motto: “sign up with your pals”
11
Q
Total war
A
The entire society is mobilized for the war effort Trench warfare
12
Q
Trench warfare
A
It characterized several fronts, but especially the crucial “Western Front” in France
13
Q
Western front, located in….
A
France
14
Q
British recruiting motto
A
“Sign up with your pals”
15
Q
World War One- developments
A
-First Battle of Marne: retreating Germans dug in, setting pattern for trench warfare
-Lusitania Sunk: ocean liner departed from pier 54 in NY, was hit by torpedo and sank off the Irish coast
-Battle of the Somme River: bloodiest day in British history
-Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW): DT pursued a bold policy, the U-boat policy of USW proves to be the key point for US intervention
-Zimmerman Note: proposes that Mexico should ally with Germany, it is published in US newspapers and inflamed public opinion
16
Q
First battle of Marne
A
Retreating Germans dug in, setting the pattern for trench warfare
17
Q
Lusitania Sunk
A
Ocean liner departed from pier 54 in NY, was hit by torpedo and sank off the Irish coast
18
Q
Battle of the Somme River
A
The bloodiest day in British history
19
Q
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW)
A
DT pursues a bold policy, the U-boat policy of USW proves to be the key point for US intervention
20
Q
Zimmerman Note
A
Proposed that Mexico should ally with Germany, it is published in US newspapers and inflames public opinion
21
Q
The key point for US intervention in WWI
A
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW)
22
Q
World War One- developments part 2
A
-Bolshevik Revolution: Vladimir Lenin and the communists take power in Russia
-Wilson enunciates US war aims in his 14-Point Address; a key principle is “self-determination”; 1 specific goal: a League of Nations
-Communist Russia signs its own peace treaty with Germany
-Kaiserschlacht: (emperors battle), General Erich Ludendorff prepared for a decisive offensive before enough US forces could land in FR
-Ludendorff told the Kaiser that peace negotiations should be opened before the situation got worse
-Meuse Argonne: US troops engaged
-Armistice: at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month WWI ends
-Stab in the Back Legend: traitors among the politicians sold out the frontline troops
23
Q
Bolshevik Revolution
A
Vladimir Lenin and the communists take power in Russia
24
Q
Wilson enunciated US war aims in his 14-Point Address
A
A key principle: self-determination
25
Who signs its own peace treaty with Germany
Communist Russia
26
Kaiserschlacht (emperors battle)
General Erich Ludendorff prepared for a decisive offensive before enough US forces could land in FR
27
Meuse Argon
US troops engaged in
28
Armistice
11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month WWI ends
29
Stab in the Back Legend
Traitors among the politicians sold out the frontline troops
30
World War One- developments part 3
-Wilson’s Tumultuous Reception: however, he has made serious errors; Wilson failed to include even one Republican senator in his delegation, he neglected the majority opposition party (Republicans)
- Paris Peace Talks: the victorious powers met at the palace of Versailles, Wilson’s idealism was not readily shared by the others
- Treaty of Versailles Presented to Germany: until Germany accepted the treaty, a blockade (including food) continued
- US, the Treaty of Berlin: war is formally concluded with Germany, the US never ratifies the Treaty of Versailles, the US never joins the League of Nations
- Arminian Genocide: Turkish govt. ordered the deportation of c. 1.8 M Armenians to Syria/ Mesopotamia (exile). In the forced exodus, Arminians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/police.
31
Wilson’s Tumultuous Reception
He has made serious errors:
- Failed to include even one Republican senator in his delegation
- neglected the majority opposition party (Republicans)
32
Paris Peace Talks
The victorious powers met at the palace of Versailles, Wilson’s idealism was not readily shared by the others
33
Treaty of Versailles Presented to Germany
Until Germany accepted the treaty, a blockade (including food) continued
34
US- The Treaty of Berlin
War is formally concluded with Germany, the US never ratifies the Treaty of Versailles, the US never joins the League of Nations
35
Armenian Genocide
Turkish govt. ordered deportation of c.18M Armenians to Syria/ Mesopotamia (exile). In the forced exodus, Armenians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/ police.
36
Chronology 6, “The Inter-War Years”
1918-1921: Russian Civil War, eventually won by the Communists
1922: Soviet Union begins (Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Transcaucasian Republics)
by 1928: Joseph Stalin assumes power in Russia (USSR)
1929-1939: The Great Depression (fyi: the end date can be a matter of debate)
1934-1935: The Long March establishes Mao as leader of the Chinese Communist Party
37
Russian Civil War, eventually won by the Communists (DATE)
1918-1921
38
Soviet Union Begins (Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Transcaucasian Republics) (DATE)
1922
39
Joseph Stalin assumes power in Russia (USSR) (DATE)
By 1928
40
The Great Depression (fyi: end date can be a matter of debate) (DATE)
1929-1939
41
The Long March established Mao as leader of the Chinese Communist Parth (DATE)
1934-1935
42
Kremlin
Citadel in Moscow, center of administration of the Russian (formerly Soviet) government
43
Citadel in Moscow, center of administration of the Russian (formerly Soviet) government
Kremlin
44
Long March
c. 6000 mile trek of Chinese Communists, Mao Tse-Tung and survivors arrived in Northern China
45
c. 6000 mile trek of Chinese Communists, Mao Tse-Tung and survivors arrived in Northern China
Long March
46
Mandate
Form of international trusteeship devised by the League of Nations
47
Form of international trusteeship devised by the League of Nations
Mandate
48
Wilson….
Listed self-determination as an important objective for the post-war world
49
Who listed self-determination as an important objective for the post-war world?
Wilson
50
Soviet
Workers’ and/or soldiers’ council
51
Workers’ and/or soldiers’ council
Soviet
52
Vatican City
An independent state
53
An independent state
Vatican City
54
Versailles settlement
The Treaty of Versailles
55
The treaty of Versailles
Versailles settlement
56
The League of Nations
League proved powerless, replaced by the UN after WW II
57
League proved powerless, replaced by the UN after WW II
The League of Nations
58
After WW I, four empires essentially crumbled:
Russia, Austro- Hungarian, German, Ottoman
59
How many empires essentially crumbled after WW I?
Four: Russia, Austro- Hungarian, German, Ottoman
60
Versailles’ ramifications for Germany
- territory in the East given to Poland, Polish corridor
- Military: as a buffer against further aggression, the Rhineland was dematerialized (border FR & DT)
- DT responsible for reparations (compensation), “scrap of paper” mentality
61
Worldwide influenza pandemic aka as….?
The Spanish flu pandemic
62
How many people died in the Worldwide influenza pandemic/ Spanish flu pandemic?
25 million (maybe 40M) died
63
Worldwide influenza pandemic
- aka the Spanish flu pandemic
- c.25M (maybe 40M) died
64
Middle East
Mandate, the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine
65
Balfour Declaration
Middle East, mandate that supported a Jewish homeland in Palestine
66
India
- Mohandas Gandhi, he opposed British rule
- led the 1930 Salt March
67
Mohandas Gandhi
He opposed British rule and led the Salt March
68
Who led the Salt March ? And when?
Mohandas Gandhi, 1930
69
China
Mao Tse-Tung kept the Chinese Communist Party alive with its Long March to the north
70
Who kept the Chinese Communist Party alive with its Long March to the north?
Mao Tse-Tung
71
Latin America
Effects on the Great Depression were devastating for the region
72
Who had devastating effects of the Great Depression for the region?
Latin America
73
Russia
- Has about 1/6th of the world’s land surface, an adverse climate, a diverse population
- Duma (Parliament): little power, Czar could dismiss it
- Bolsheviks (Majority): followers of Vladimir Lenin, they were confirmed atheists, Bolsheviks changed their name to communists
- Vladimir Lenin: comrades close to Lenin were Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin
74
Duma
Parliament, little power, the Czar could dismiss it
75
Bolsheviks
(Majority), followers of Vladimir Lenin
Confirmed atheists
Changed their name to Communist
76
Who changed their name to Communist?
Bolsheviks
77
What did Bolsheviks change their name to?
Communist
78
Who are the Bolsheviks followers of?
Vladimir Lenin
79
Vladimir Lenin
Comrades close to him were Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin
80
Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin were close comrades of…
Vladimir Lenin
81
hardships/losses during WW I led to….
- widespread discontent
- strikes/ riots in Petrograd
- Czar Nicholas abdicated
82
Who abdicated because of hardships/ losses during WW I?
Czar Nicholas
83
German govt. allowed Lenin transport from Switzerland (exhiled there) to Petrograd. He simplified Bolshevik ideology calling for
“Peace, Land, Bread”
84
German govt. allowed Lenin to be transported from…. To…..
Switzerland (eshiled there) to Petrograd
85
Trotsky convinced the Petrograd Soviet to stage a coup, soviets declared Lenin to be the head of government, but….
All power has to be held by the Soviets
86
Who is the head of the government when Trotsky convinced the Petrograd Soviet to stage a coup
Lenin
87
Who convinced the Petrograd Soviet to stage a coup
Trotsky
88
Under Trotsky’s leadership, the…… is created
Red Army
89
Under who’s leadership is the Red Army Created
Trotsky’s leadership
90
Russian Civil War
“Reds” vs. non-communist “Whites”
Czar Nicholas and his family were murdered
Trotsky’s Red Army won
91
Who went against who in the Russian Civil War?
“Reds” against non-communist “Whites”
92
Who was murdered in the Russian Civil War?
Czar Nicholas and his family
93
Who won the Russian Civil War?
Trotsky’s Red Army
94
War Communism
The state limited private ownership
95
In the War Communism, who limited private ownership?
The state
96
In the War Communism, what did the state limit?
Private ownership
97
New Economic Policy (NEP)
- govt. had control of finance, industry, transportation
- allowed the remainder of the economic system to return to private enterprise
98
In the New Economic Policy (NEP), what did the government have control over?
Finance, industry and transportation
99
Union of Soviet Socialist Replublics established aka
USSR, CCCP, the Soviet Union
100
USSR, CCCP, the Soviet Union aka
Union of Soviet Socialist Replublics
101
Regime of Joseph Stalin
- Stalin (man of Steel) was the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union
- Soviet propaganda would create a “cult of Stalin” that approached deification
- Stalin began a series of Five-Year Plans for industry development (industrialization)
- Kulas (well-to-do peasants)
- Stalin was paranoid about threats
- the soviets signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler
102
Stalin aka
Man of steel, the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union
103
the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union
Stalin
104
Man of steel
Stalin
105
Soviet propaganda created…
A “cult of Stalin” that approached deification
106
A “cult of Stalin” that approached deification was created by
Soviet propaganda
107
What did the Soviet propaganda approach with the “cult of Stalin”
Deification
108
Stalin beings a series of Five-Year Plans for industry development:
Industrialization
109
Stalin beings a series of how many years for industry development (industrialization)?
Five-Year Plans
110
Kulaks
Well-to-do peasants
111
Well-to-do peasants are called
Kulaks
112
What was Stalin paranoid about?
Threats
113
Who was paranoid about threats?
Stalin
114
Who signed a non-agression pact with Hitler?
The Soviets
115
The Soviets signed a ……. With Hitler
Non-aggression pact
116
Who did the Soviets sign a non-aggression pact with?
Hitler
117
The Great Depression- background
- “on margin” meant that you paid a percentage of the stock’s value up front and financed the rest
- the Marked Crash:
“Black Tuesday” panic selling widespread
“Bull” (upward) market has turned absolutely “Bearish” (downward)
“The Crash” alone did not cause the Depression
118
“On margin” meant:
You paid a percentage of the stock’s value up front and financed the rest
119
When “You paid a percentage of the stock’s value up front and financed the rest” it is called….
“On margin”
120
The market crash is composed of
Black Tuesday
Bull and Bearish
But it did not alone cause the Depression
121
Black Tuesday
Panic selling widespread
122
Panic selling widespread in the Great Depression is called….
Black Tuesday
123
Meaning of Bull and Bearish
Bull: upward
Bearish: downward
124
The…… market has turned absolutely…..
Bull, Bearish
125
What turned form Bull (upward) to Bearish (downward) in the Great Depression?
The market
126
Did “The Crash” alone cause the Depression?
No
127
…….alone did not cause the depression
“The Crash”
128
The Great Depression- aspects
Causes: lack of industrial diversification and an overexpansion of credit
Results:
manufacturers/merchants REDUCE prices, consumer spending is the engine of the US economy
banks failed- 5K close in the first 3 years of the Depression
American farmers were hurt significantly by foreclosure & drought
129
Causes of the Great Depression
Lack of industrial diversification and an overexpansion of credit
130
Results of the Great Depression
Manufacturers/ merchants REDUCE prices and consumer spending is the engine of the US economy
Banks failed: 5K close in the first 3 years of the depression
American farmers were hurt significantly by foreclosure & drought
131
Did manufacturers and merchants increase or reduce prices as a result of the Great Depression?
Reduce
132
What was the engine of the US economy as a result of the Great Depression
Consumer spending
133
How many banks fail and close in the first 3 years of Depression?
5K
134
5K banks close in the first ….. years of the Depression
3 years
135
What were American farmers hurt by most significantly in the Great Depression?
Foreclosure and drought
136
Responses to the Depression- FDR
FDR pledged a “New Deal” for the American people
FDR wins a landslide victory, the Democrats control both houses of Congress
137
Responses to the Depression- THE NEW DEAL
Umbrella label for a wide range of programs to offer relief and stimulate the economy
Bold experimentation and heavy federal government intervention
138
What is an mbrella label for a wide range of programs to offer relief and stimulate the economy in response to the Great Depression?
The New Deal
139
Who wins a landslide victory as the result of the Great Depression?
FDR
140
Who pledged a “New Deal” for the American people?
FDR
141
Who controls both houses of congress as a result of the Great Depression?
The Democrats
142
Who announced a “Bank Holiday” (closure) in the Great Depression results?
FDR
143
FDR announces a…..
“Bank Holiday”
144
Fireside chats
FDR would use radio
145
FDR would use radio (what is it called)
Fireside chats
146
“Hundred days”
FDR summons Congress into special session
147
What is the name for when FDR summons Congress into special session?
“Hundred Days”
148
Hitler had a work/ rearment project that largely eradicated DT unemployment by (year)
1936
149
By 1936 who had a work/ rearment project that largely eradicated DT unemployment?
Hitler
150
Hitler had a ………. Project that largely eradicated DT unemployment by 1936
Work-creation/ rearmament
151
Great Depression effect on Japan
Strengthened militaristic groups
152
Where were the Strengthened militaristic groups after the Great Depression effect?
Japan
153
Did the New deal cure the depression?
No
154
The New Deal ….. to cure the depression
Failed
155
The New deal introduced much needed ……. & did somewhat stabilize ……
Reform, economy
156
What did the new deal stabilize
Economy
157
What did “cure” the depression?
Heavy defense-related spending connected to WW II
158
What did Heavy defense-related spending connected to WW II do?
Cure the Depression
