The Global Shift: Winners And Losers

Question 1

When did the shift begin?

Answer 1

1970s/80s

Question 2

What is the global shift?

Answer 2

The movement of manufacturing from Europe and the USA to many Asian countries.

Question 3

What are the factors that helped to accelerate the global shift?

Answer 3

Individual Asian countries, such as India, began to allow overseas companies access to their markets, with a new open-door policy.

TNCs began to seek new areas fro manufacturing (e,g - china) and for outsourcing services (e.g - call centres in India).

FDI began to flow into the emerging or re-emerging Asian countries.

Question 4

What happened in China due to the global shift?

Answer 4

Mostly focused on manufacturing
Has been the largest recipient of FDI since 2000
Its share of the global trade by value rose from 3% in 2001 to 10% in 2013.
Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation

Question 5

What are the benefits of the global shift for china?

Answer 5

Investment in infrastructure
Reductions in poverty
Increases in urban incomes
Better education and training

Question 6

What is meant by investment in infrastructure? (China)

Answer 6

By 2016 -
Had developed the worlds longest highway network.
Rail system had reached 100,000km in length
High speed rail system was the worlds longest
Had the worlds fastest commercial train service
82 airports had been built since 2000, taking china to a total of 250.

Question 7

What is meant by reductions in poverty? (China)

Answer 7

Over 300 million Chinese people are now considered middle class
Chinese bought more TVs and laptops than Americans in 2013.
Between 1981 and 2010, China reduced the number of people living in poverty by 680million.
They have also reduced extreme poverty rates ($1 or less a day) from 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016.

Question 8

What is meant by increases in urban incomes? (China)

Answer 8

Employers have had to pay higher wages to recruit staff.
Urban incomes have risen by 10% a year since 2005, by 2014 they averaged $9000 a year.
Even though there is still variation in average incomes between different urban industries, they are still much higher than workers would receive if they had remained in the countryside.
There is still a big and growing rural-urban divide

Question 9

What is meant by better education and training? (China)

Answer 9

Education is free and compulsory in china between the ages of 6 and 15.
94% of Chinese over the age of 15 are now literate compared to just 20% in 1950.
In 2014, 7.2 million Chinese graduated from university - 15 times higher than in 2000.
Helps to create a skilled workforce

Question 10

What are the costs of the global shift for china?

Answer 10

The loss of productive farmland 
An increase in unplanned settlements 
Pollution and health problems 
Land degradation 
Over-exploitation of resources and resource pressure 
Loss of biodiversity

Question 11

What is meant by the loss of productive farmland? (China)

Answer 11

Industrialisation has led to increasing loss of farmland since 2000.
Over 3 million hectares of arable farmland had been polluted with heavy metals
12 million tonnes of grain were polluted in 2014.
The increase use of fertilisers and pesticides has also led to farmland near rivers being taken ou to production.

Question 12

What is meant by an increase in unplanned settlements? (China)

Answer 12

Rapid industrialisation has created an urgent need for more urban housing, which has resulted in a big increase in informal homes.
Land prices have rocketed and made decent housing unaffordable.

Question 13

What is meant by pollution and heath problems? (China)

Answer 13

Air pollution caused mostly by coal-fired power station is so bad that the capitulation has frequent pollution alerts.
70% of rivers and lakes are now polluted.
100 cities suffer from extreme water shortages, and 360 million do not have access to safe drinking water. Tap water in chongqing contains a80 out of 101 forbidden toxins under Chinese law.
2015 - calculated Chinese air pollution kills and average of 4400 people everyday.

Question 14

What is meant by land degradation? (China)

Answer 14

China only has 6.4% of its own land and 7.2% of its farmland.
Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation are reducing this further, and over 40% of farmland is now suffering degradation.
Land clearance has also led to deforestation and over-intensive grazing.

Question 15

What is meant by over-exploitation of resources and resources pressure? (China)

Answer 15

They have abundant oil and coal, as well as key metals such as iron ore.
But its resources cant keep up with its demand, so the Chinese government has sought additional resources in Africa and Latin America.

Question 16

What is meant by loss of biodiversity? (China)

Answer 16

In 2015, WWF found that China’s terrestrial vertebrates had declined by 50% since 1970 .
They tracked over 2400 populations of nearly 700 vertebrate species in China and discovered that almost half had vanished in the 45 years since 1970.
The main cause was habitat loss and the degradation of natural environments by economic development.

Question 17

What happened to Leicester during the global shift?

Answer 17

Its an East Midlands city once dominated by the textile industry:

1920s - over 30,000 people worked in Leicester’s textile mills
1960s - one factory supplying knit wear for M&S employed 6,500 workers on its own.
The demand for extra factory workers, brought Indian and Pakistani families to Leicester.
1970s - overseas competition meant that cheaper clothes were available from Asia and many jobs were lost.

Question 18

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 18

The decline of manufacturing industry in an area

Question 19

What were the impacts of the global shift on the UKs industrial cities?

Answer 19

Dereliction 
Contamination 
Unemployment 
Depopulation 
Deprivation

Question 20

What is meant by dereliction and contamination?

Answer 20

Many companies were forced to close - lots of the previous industrial land was left abandoned or derelict.

Much derelict land was contaminated from the previous dumping of chemical waste (in dyes, domestic gas)

Question 21

What is meant by unemployment, depopulation and deprivation?

Answer 21

Many factories closed = unemployment
Unemployment = depopulation
Depopulation + unemployment = deprivation