The Formation Of The Solar System And The Hadean Earth

Question 1

What is the age of the solar system?

Answer 1

4567Ma

Question 2

What is used to date the solar system?

Answer 2

Meteorites such as the Allende meteorite can provide information about the chemical composition of the Universe when they were created.

Question 3

How did the solar system form, according to nebular theory?

Answer 3

The sun and planets formed by gravitational collapse of interstellar gas and dust (molecular cloud) at about the same time.

Question 4

What is the principle of Uniformitarianism?

Answer 4

A concept that suggests geological processes (erosion, sedimentation and volcanic activity) operated in a similar manner throughout Earth’s history.

Question 5

How does the surface elevation of the Earth vary- where are the highest and lowest points?

Answer 5

Variations are due to tectonic activity, erosion, volcanic processes and sedimentation over millions of years. The highest points are mountain summits (such as Everest) and the lowest points include deep oceans (Challenger deep)

Question 6

How do we know the Earth has layers? How can we study the Earth’s interior?

Answer 6

Seismic waves, volcanic activity, density and gravity measurements, Earth’s magnetic field and meteorite composition

Question 7

Why study meteorites?

Answer 7

They provide evidence of the age of our solar system and it’s chemical composition

Question 8

What is the internal structure of the Earth?

Answer 8

Solid inner core, molten outer core surrounded by the mantle, encased in the crust

Question 9

What are the key differences between the internal layers (e.g., chemical and mineral composition, density etc)?

Answer 9

More metals within the core, and more silicates within the mantle due to separation of densities, they’re also immiscible.

Question 10

What are the differences between oceanic and continental crusts?

Answer 10

The thickness (7km v 30km), composition (basaltic vs granite) and density

Question 11

What is the Moho and how does it vary?

Answer 11

The boundary between the Earth’s crust and the underlying mantle, it varies with crustal thickness and tectonic activity

Question 12

Why is the inner core solid?

Answer 12

Extremely high pressure

Question 13

What are the 3 principle subdivisions of the Precambrian and the age of the boundaries between them?

Answer 13

The Hadean (4567Ma-4000Ma)
The Archean (4000Ma-2500Ma)
The Proterozoic (2500Ma-541Ma)

Question 14

What defines the start and end of the Hadean?

Answer 14

The Hadean begins with Earth’s formation and ends when the last rock can be dated back to.

Question 15

What proportion of earth history does the Hadean represent?

Answer 15

13%

Question 16

What is the age of the Earth?

Answer 16

4567Ma

Question 17

How did the early Earth grow in size(what are the stages)?

Answer 17

Planetary accretion leading to planetesimal formation, runaway growth leading to planetary embryo forming due to gravitational attraction

Question 18

What is a planetesimal?

Answer 18

Objects up to 100km in diameter, formed by accretion which go on to form planets

Question 19

What processes caused dust and condensing material to accrete into planetesimals? How did planetesimals grow into the inner planets of the solar system?

Answer 19

Gravitational attraction, which then lead to the runaway growth of planetesimals into planetary embryos

Question 20

When and why did the Earth’s interior core and mantle separate? What was the source of heat that lead to melting of the Earth?

Answer 20

Collisions of the early Earth lead to lots of energy being released which was hot enough to form a molten magma Earth, the metals and silicates within then separated due to metals having a higher density and the material being immiscible.

Question 21

What is the age of formation of the moon?

Answer 21

Approximately 4500Ma (67 million years younger than Earth)

Question 22

How did the moon form?

Answer 22

A giant impact between Earth and Theia (another protoplanet), which vaporised the mantles of both bodies, however the debris remained in circumterrestrial orbit of Earth, which accreted to form the moon

Question 23

What is the age of oldest zircon and where are they found?

Answer 23

They’re found within much younger minerals (300,000 years younger) from the Archean period

Question 24

What was the composition of the Hadean crust?

Answer 24

Primarily basaltic, high-temp minerals and high volcanic activity

Question 25

What was the tectonic style of the Hadean earth and early Archean? What is meant by a ‘stagnant lid’?

Answer 25

Hadean Earth only contained one tectonic plate, a single shell, which is referred to as a ‘stagnant lid’

Question 26

By the end of the Hadean, the Earth had a primitive atmosphere and early oceans. Contrast these with the oceans and atmosphere today. What were the major gases in the early atmosphere? What gas was not present that is common in the current atmosphere?

Answer 26

The Hadean atmosphere had high levels of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, CO and H2O, in much higher concentrations than can be found today. There was no oxygen present yet. The early oceans went through cycles of being warm (allowing carbonated rocks to form) then becoming icy as Earth cooled, before another collision caused heating again.

Question 27

When did liquid water form at the Earth’s surface?

Answer 27

The presence of quartz inclusions in zircons, tell us they must have formed from pre-existing basalt melting in the presence of liquid water, so water was liquid during the early Hadean

Question 28

What was the fate of the early atmosphere of the Earth?

Answer 28

Cooling and condensation, chemical reactions, development of life, the great oxygenation event and atmospheric escape

Question 29

What was the character of the Hadean landscape?

Answer 29

High levels of volcanic activity, many impacts and large volumes of water

Question 30

What was the role of impacts in the early Earth?

Answer 30

Maintained higher enough temperatures for liquid water, which then cooled molten rock so form carbonated rocks in the ocean, which then lead to oceans becoming icy, so impacts were needed to raise the temperature again