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Crusades > the formation of the Crusader States > Flashcards

the formation of the Crusader States Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 provinces?

A

-Antioch
-Edessa
-Tripoli

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2
Q

what did the survival of the states rely on?

A

-lack of unity in the Muslim world
-alliances formed with Muslim tribes and leaders
-aid from the west
-establishment of the military orders
-building of castles to control the land.

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3
Q

who ruled Edessa first and what did he do?

A

-ruled by Baldwin I, married a local princess and adopted local habits
-included locals in governance and granted religious toleration.

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4
Q

who should Edessa have been returned to?

A

-Byzantium

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5
Q

what was good and bad about Edessa?

A

-fertile region and therefore crucial source of food
-suffered from Muslim raids and was the most at-risk state.

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6
Q

who were the first and second rulers of Antioch?

A

-Bohemond first but he struggled to maintain his position and he was captured and imprisoned between 1100-1103.
-his nephew Tancred ruled as regent and then Prince, he relied on norman officials to rule and avoided pitched battles with Muslims.

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7
Q

who was the first ruler of Tripoli?

A
  • founded by Raymond of Toulouse
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8
Q

why was Tripoli important?

A

-was the port for Damascus.

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9
Q

who ruled Jerusalem first? and who ruled after?

A

-Godfrey of Bouillon, decided there would be no King but Christ in Jerusalem, died in 1100.
-his brother Baldwin came to Jerusalem and crowned himself King on Christmas day 1100.

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10
Q

what was the field of blood?

A

-1119 Rodger of Antioch’s army was defeated near Aleppo and around 700 knights and 3000 soldiers were killed.

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11
Q

what problems did Baldwin face as King of Jerusalem?

A

-not enough soldiers to defend Jerusalem
-couldn’t get aid from across the sea.

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12
Q

how did Baldwin ensure loyalty from his nobles?

A

-created few lordships for Barons
-limited territory given and instead were rewarded with money.

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13
Q

what Italian states dominated trade in the Holy Land?

A

-Genoa
-Venice
-Piza

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14
Q

what were the four most important ports?

A

-Antioch
-Tripoli
-Tyre
-Acre

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15
Q

what did the Crusader states gain from the involvement of the Italian States?

A

-relieved of building merchant fleet and the protection of it

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16
Q

why were Italian City States so important to the Crusaders?

A

-allowed them to export and import goods
- get help military

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17
Q

what are the motives behind the Italians?

A

-commercial privileges
-religious reasoning

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18
Q

how were the Italian states important for the foundation of the Crusader states?

A

-July 1097 13 vessels left Genoa and helped the siege of Antioch.
-June 1099 helped the siege of Jerusalem

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19
Q

what problem did Baldwin II have in terms of succession?

A

-he had 4 daughters and no son so he needed a strong son in law.

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20
Q

how did Baldwin II use his daughters to try and consolidate his powers?

A

-from his deathbed made sure that Fulk would not rule alone but with his wife and son.

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21
Q

who was the Fulk of Anjou? and what issues did he cause?

A

-became joint ruler of Jerusalem with Melisende in 1131.
-from the start he assumed sole control and excluded his wife.
-was resented by 2nd gen Jerusalem Christians.

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22
Q

what was the rebellion of Hugh of Jaffa?

A

-1134 Fulk accused Hugh of infidelity and so he rebelled, secured himself to Jaffa and allied with Muslims of Ascalon and defeated army set against him by Fulk
-eventually Fulk agreed to peace and Hugh was exiled for 3 years.

23
Q

arguments that suggest the weakness of the Crusader States were the main threat to their survival?

A

-always short of men and without the disunity of Muslim forces it is unlikely they would have survived.
-succession to the rule of states and rivalry between crusader Lords also were a threat to survival.
-1131 the death of Baldwin I led to further problems over succession in Jerusalem.

24
Q

arguments that suggest that there were other reasons which were the main threat to the survival?

A

-geographical positioning of the states as no natural or defensive borders to the east.
-1104 muslim rulers of Mosul and Marain joined together in fight and defeated Crusaders who were trying to take the south east of Edessa.

25
Q

why was the Knights Templar set up?

A
  • to protect pilgrims
26
Q

where were the Knights Templar based?

A

-1120 on the temple mount.

27
Q

what was the role of the knights templar?

A

-being knights, protect pilgrims and be active in battle

28
Q
A
29
Q

What territories did the Crusaders gain ?

A
  • Antioch
  • Edessa
  • Tripoli
  • Jerusalem
30
Q

What was survival dependent on for the crusader territory?

A

Lack of unity from the Muslim world
Alliances formed with Muslim tribes and leaders
Aid from the west
Establishment of military orders
Castles

31
Q

When was Edessa founded and how was it ruled?

A

-ruled by Baldwin of Boulogne captured in 1098
-helpful in keeping Antioch secure and fertile.

32
Q

What happened to Jerusalem after Baldwin left?

A

-he became King of Jerusalem so his cousin Baldwin le Bourcq beca.

33
Q

What happened to Jerusalem after Baldwin left?

A

-he became King of Jerusalem so his cousin Baldwin le Bourcq beca.

33
Q

What happened to Jerusalem after Baldwin left?

A

-he became King of Jerusalem so his cousin Baldwin le Bourcq became count in 1188 and then King later on.

34
Q

who ruled Antioch?

A

-Bohemund but he struggled to maintain his position against Armenian and Byzantine war lords who had their own ambitions and captured by the Danishmends and left the east in 1105.

35
Q

who ruled Antioch after Bohemond?

A

-Tancred ruled as regent 1101-3 and then as prince 1105-12.
-abled to expand territory helped by Rodger of Salerno.

36
Q

what land did Baldwin I manage to secure for Jerusalem?

A

-Acre taken in 1104
-Beirut and Sidon in 1110.

37
Q

example of an important castle for the crusader states?

A

-1115 castle built at Montreal in Transjordan which controlled trade routes from Damascus to Egypt and helped secure crusader control.

38
Q

what threat was there to Baldwin II’s position as the King of Jerusalem?

A

-1119 threatened by a Muslim attack as Rodger of Antioch’s army was defeated near Aleppo and 700 knights and 3000 foot soldiers were killed, forced Baldwin to move north to restore order but the fight had seriously destroyed the fighting strength of the crusaders and muslim and Crusade relations became worse.

39
Q

how did its geographical position effect the crusader states?

A

-major issue from outset, as the east had no natural or defensible borders.

40
Q

what external factors effected the success of the crusader states?

A

-muslim hostility
-reinforcements from the west were little
-always short on men and the disunity of the Arab forces meant that they were able to survive.

41
Q

what threats to the crusader states from Muslim rulers were there?

A

-1104, Muslim rulers of Mosul and Mardin who had been fighting each other joined together to defeat the crusaders who were trying to take Harran, both Baldwin I and Joscelin were captured.
-1119, ruler of Mardin defeated Muslim forces at the field of Blood against Rodger.
-1128, Zengi occupied Aleppo which cut off an area of potential expansion for the franks, they couldn’t dislodge him.
-1144, while Joseclin had left Edessa Zengi captured it.

42
Q

who was Zengi’s son?

A

Nur-al Din.

43
Q

what problems were there with succession?

A

-1116 Baldwin of Jerusalem died heirless and factions at court defended different candidates to support him.
-1126, Baldwin II of Jerusalem became concerned that Joscelin might take over Antioch and he made contact with Bohemond II and he came to Antioch to succeed his fathers lands.
-1131, death of Baldwin II led to issues with female heirs and Fulk wanting to rule alone.
-1133-4, Hugh count of Jaffa plotted against the Fulk of Jerusalem he was accused of treason and did not come on his trial, Fulk plotted to kill him.

44
Q

when did Nur-al Din take Edessa?

A

-1150

45
Q

what way were the crusader states successful?

A

-success of rulers in Jerusalem especially Baldwin I who captured some costal ports and he was strong by building up a web of dependency by allowing men the money from land but not the land itself and in 1124 he captured Tyre port.
-castles, one of the key ways in which the crusaders held onto power, the castles served many purposes both defensive and administrative
-the crusader ports on the med sea like Acre, Beirut, Tripoli and Tyre provided a vital link to Europe for supplies and men.

46
Q

examples of 2 different castles?

A

Krak de Chevaliers, dominated the Homs valley.
-chastel Hernault.

47
Q

who were the order of the hospitallers?

A

-emerged soon after the first crusade, and the scale of donations and man power were significant and provided a vital supply line for monks and hospitals in the east.
-Baldwin II gave gifts and patients included Muslims and Jews and there was a kitchen for separate dietary requirements.
-standard of care was very high with separate wards for women and 1000 patients could be at once and 2000 in emergencies.

48
Q

what military role did the Hospitallers take?

A

-later on, and by 1136 were being entrusted with the garrisoning of castles on the borders of crusader states and by 1144 they controlled the fortress at Krak de Chevaliers.

49
Q

who were the Knights templar?

A

-established to provide protection for pilgrims on the road to Jerusalem.
-from 1127-29 Hugh de Payns traveleld all through western Europe with the dual aim of attracting gifts for the order, he was enormously successful.
-by 1150 they were a very wealthy organisation, numbered small at 500 at any given time.
-some local churchmen resented them, but could do little since the pope supported them, and were feared by the Muslims

50
Q

when did Zengi take Edessa?

A

-22nd of Dec 1144 by building wooden towers digging tunnels under the walls and bombing them until they collapsed, quick action prevented other crusader states from coming to the rescue and led to the deaths of 15,000 people.

51
Q

what did pope Eugenius issue?

A

-Quantum praedecessores, calling for the crusaders to retake the city of Edessa, promising them remission of sins and property protected.
-argued that the fall of Edessa was a threat to the survival of the church.

52
Q

who recruited for the second crusade?

A

-pope entrusted preaching to Bernard of Clairvaux and he was designed to ensure that other officials preachers gave the same message, only official could recruit for the crusade.
-Bernard toured the Rhineland and low countries for seven months.

53
Q

what tour did Bernard make?

A

-March 1146 began tour in Vezelay where with the King of France at his side he read out the Quantum, response was so great that they ran out of cloth for crosses, his appeal was directly aimed to the Knightly class.
-Nov had reached FrankFurt and at christmas mass impressed Conrad

Crusades (3 decks)

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