Question 1

Cosmology

Accepted Answer

Cosmology is the study of the universe, dealing with its origins, structure, growth, shape, size, fate, and space time (third dimension and curvature). It is metaphysical- highly abstract and overly theoretical. There is scientific evidence that it could have happened. Ex. The big bang is theoretical. It is also the study of the history and dynamics (how everything works together, movement, interaction). Ultimately it is the study of everything about the universe.

Question 2

Inner Core

Accepted Answer

The inner most section of the earths core. It is solid, with a radius of about 1220km. Iron and nickel exist in a solid state because of the enormous pressure- the melting point is even higher than the temperature. There is so much pressure the molecules cannot move. There is evidence the core rotates faster than the earth, creating waves in the liquid outer core that drags other parts of the earth around. The heat of the core is left over from the formation of the earth. Inside is radioactive material, which as it decays releases heat.

Question 3

The Doppler effect

Accepted Answer

Doppler effect is the evidence for the Big Bang theory. When you are standing still and someone is walking towards you behind you they sound higher because the wavelength is shorter, but when they pass and are moving away they are more low pitched because the wavelengths are more stretched out. With the big bang theory, Hubble observed that the galaxies were red shifted, meaning they had longer wavelengths and were thus moving away from the earth. So, we see evidence the universe is still expanding, based on this idea. The wavelengths are low pitched, so we see they are expanding away from us. One current theory is that the universe will stop expanding and start to implode.

Question 4

Seismic waves

Accepted Answer

Waves of energy emitted from earthquakes that travel through the earth. These waves are emitted from the epicenter of the earthquake, which is where it originated. Two types of seismic waves are P waves and S waves.

Question 5

The earth

Accepted Answer

The earth is a rocky planet. It is in a solar system which is in a galaxy in the universe. The Earth is 4.6 billion years old. It is a terrestrial planet circling the sun

Question 6

Theories of the origin of the universe

Accepted Answer

There are many theories that people have come up with over the years to explain the structures of the universe. Back in those days, people did not consider how the universe was formed; their main focus was the formation of the solar system and the structures within. The Greeks had the most long lived theories of cosmology. The most well known theory is the geocentric theory, which lasted 1400 years. Aristotle hypothesized that the moon, sun, planets, and stars were carried by rotating spheres around a stationary Earth. The Greeks believed the universe was finite and that there were no other terrestrial planets because all terrestrial material was drawn into the center of the universe. Ptolemy later continued the theory of Aristotle. He believed that the heavens were not made of any material known to man, but divine celestial material. He hypothesized that the spheres carrying the celestial bodies around the Earth were hollow and arranged within one another, with no empty spaces in between. He believed that the spheres rotated because it was their natural motion. The evidence for this theory was that he observed half of the stars to be above the horizon, and half below. He assumed the stars were all fairly far from the center of the universe. Runs the earth must be in the middle because otherwise the division of the stars he could see and the stars he couldn't would not be the same. Today the big bang theory is the most widely accepted theory.

Question 7

Mantle

Accepted Answer

Composed mainly of denser rock called peridotite between the crust and the outer core. It is about 2890km thick and makes up about 84% of the earths volume.

Question 8

Flat earth theory

Accepted Answer

There is a flat earth society where modern people still believe that the earth is flat, simply because it appears so. They believe they are being tricked by the pictures of a round earth. One piece of evidence is the bible; people believe the earth is flat because of certain quotes. Also, one scientist argued that the Nile would drop a lot more in elevation every year if the earth were round. They believe if the earth were round, water would fall off. They. Think there must be a barrier preventing this on flat earth. They think that you can fall of the side, and if you fly over the arctic, you will drop off into space.

Question 9

Outer core

Accepted Answer

Composed or iron and nickel, but in a molten state as the temperature and pressure are not great enough to make the elements solidify. The density of the upper and inner core is about 12.5g/cm3, whereas the crust is 2.8g/cm3

Question 10

What are the warnings we have?

Accepted Answer

Collective learning is so so powerful, but it's not clear if humans are in charge of it. We are burning fossils fuels so fast and we are undermining the goldilocks conditions, making it possible for human civilization in the first place over the past 10,000 years. Big history can show us the nature of our complexity and fragility and the dangers that face us. But also shows us our power. Future generations face huge challenges and huge opportunities.

Question 11

Goldilocks principle

Accepted Answer

Goldilocks conditions are when the Earth is just right for supporting life. The goldilocks conditions for life: - right amount of energy. not too much: In stars there is so much energy that atoms that combine just get busted apart again. Not too little: in intergalactic spec there's so little energy that atoms cannot combine. Planets have jut right amount of energy because they are close to stars, but not too close. - diversity of chemical elements - liquids i.e. water because in gasses atoms move past each other so fast they can't get together. In solids they are stuck together and cannot move. In liquids however they can link up to form molecules. Planets are great for goldilocks conditions and early earth was almost perfect: just the right distance from the sun to contain huge oceans, with cracks at the bottom in the earths crust for heat to seep up from the core, and there is a diversity of elements. Chemistry happens with the oceanic vents and atoms combine in lots of combinations.

Question 12

How was earth created?

Accepted Answer

1. Gravity pulls disks of dust and gas left over from star birth into rocks, and rocks together. Rock collided as it circled the sun. There would have originally been hundreds of planets orbiting the sun, but they didn't fully form. 2. They collided with such force that immense heat energy was generated and trapped radioactive material in the center, which produced and keeps a lot of heat within 3. As the surface cooled and created a very thin crust, the core stayed hot, as hot as the surface of the sun 4. In the beginning, the earth was toxic, so hot, with no air. A boiling ball of liquid rock, molten. 2000°F. There is water vapour, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide and helium. Ocean of lava. 5. This is what fuels volcanoes to this day. It continually releases vast amounts of heat. The inner heat makes the surface incredibly dynamic, unlike any other planet. The core is nickel and iron. 6. Plate tectonics started driven by the mantle and the convection currents of heat. Basalt: fast cooling igneous rock with small crystals, looks like it is all one colour. Today it is found on ocean floor. Methane: an essential gas we need in the atmosphere for life to exist. Contributes to the heating up of the earth, holds the heat. Magnetic field: north and south pole. When we use a compass it is being drawn to that core. The earth was forming for a long time before life emerged. Red earth: oxygen levels rose and iron began to oxidize, turning the earths rocky surface red. Carbon dioxide comes out of volcanoes which is essential for life, warming the planet up so life can take hold. Without it the planet would be too cold for life to live. But now we are producing too much so the earth will become too hot for life to exist. People came about less than 70 million years ago

Question 13

How did life develop?

Accepted Answer

Once we had the goldilocks conditions, how to stabilize those huge molecules that are capable of living? You don't stabilize the individual molecules, but the template, the things that carries the info, which is DNA, which copies itself. Each rung of DNA contains info about how to make living organisms and it copies itself and scatters the template throughout the ocean so the info spreads. But once in every 10 billion there is an error, meaning DNA is learning about new ways to make life because sometimes the errors work: it builds greater complexity.

Question 14

Big Bang Theory

Accepted Answer

This is the most commonly accepted theory of the formation of the universe today. 13.7 billion years ago there was nothing, no time or space. Then, bang, the universe appeared. It was tiny, smaller than an atom, and really hot. It. Contains everything that's in today's universe, so it's busting and expanding really quickly. Within a second, energy had shattered into distinct forces (electromagnetism and gravity). Energy changes into a solid state (congeals) to form matter- quarks create protons, and leptons that include electrons. 380,000 years later, simple atoms appear, hydrogen and helium. At this stage, the universe was extremely simple, consisting of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms with no structure. However satellites have shown that there are tiny differences in that background: some areas of the universe were a tiny tiny amount cooler than others but it was enough for the universe to the next stage of building complexity, the stars. Today the universe is still expanding, which we know from the Doppler effect.

Question 15

Convergent plate boundary

Accepted Answer

When two plates collide and the heavier is pushed under the lighter one. This can occur between two continental plates, two oceanic plates, or one oceanic and one continental. This happens because when the magma pushes plates apart, it then starts to move to the side and lose heat. When the magma sinks back down, it causes the plate to converge with another, where the heavier subducts under the lighter one. When there is one continental and one oceanic, the continental goes on top because SIAL is lighter.

The Formation of Earth Flashcards

This deck is a copy of a Quizlet deck

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

The Formation of Earth Flashcards

This deck is a copy of a Quizlet deck

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM