Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced Molecular Biology > The Flow Of Genetic Information From DNA To RNA > Flashcards

The Flow Of Genetic Information From DNA To RNA Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the DNA genotype expressed as?

A

As proteins, which provides the molecular basis for phenotypic traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does DNA specify traits?

A

By dictating protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the molecular chain of command from?

A
  • From DNA in the nucleus to RNA &

- RNA in the cytoplasm of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA is known as?

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The synthesis of proteins under the direction of RNA is known as?

A

Translation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the hypothesis that was based on the inherited metabolic disease?

A

One-gene-one enzyme hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the hypothesis for proteins?

A

One-gene-one enzyme hypothesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the hypothesis for polypeptides?

A

One-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis, recognizes that some proteins are composed of multiple polypeptides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the genetic information written in?

A

In codons, translated into amino acid sequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What provides the code for constructing a protein?

A

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The construction of protein require a ….

A

Conversation of a nucleotide sequence to an amino acid sequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transcription rewrites the…

A

DNA code into RNA, using the same nucleotide “language “

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the flow of information from a gene to a protein based on?

A

Triplet code.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a codon?

A

The genetic instructions for amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain, written in DNA & RNA as a series of non-overlapping three base “words”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Translation involves switching from?

A

The nucleotide “language “ to the amino “language “.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does each codon specify?

A

Amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The genetic code dictates how …

A

Codons are translated into amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Three nucleotides specify?

A

One amino acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

61 codons correspond to?

A

Amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does AUG code for & what is its function in transcription?

A

It codes for methionine & signals the start of transcription.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

These three codons UAA, UGA, & UAG signal the end of?

A

Translation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

18 of the 20 amino acids can be specified by more than one triplet codon, this is termed?

A

Redundant/Degenerate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Unambiguous defines what property of the genetic code?

A

Each triplet specifies only a single amino acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A single coding dictionary is used by almost all organisms, what term is used to describe this?

A

Nearly universal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is the genetic code commaless/without punctuation?

A

No internal punctuation is used in the code; once translation of mRNA begins, the codons are read one after the other with no breaks between them (until a stop codon is reached).

26
Q

How is the genetic non-overlapping ?

A

After translation commences, any single ribonucleotide within the mRNA is part of only one triplet.

27
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

It encodes amino acid sequences & conveys genetic messages from DNA to the translation machinery of the cell.

28
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA exits the nucleus via _ to enter the _.

A

Nuclear pores ; cytoplasm.

29
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA has?

A

Introns & Exons.

30
Q

What is the function of tRNA during translation?

A

It is language interpreter, converting the genetic message of mRNA into a language of proteins.

31
Q

How does tRNA perform its interpreter task?

A

By picking up the appropriate amino acid & using an anticodon to recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA.

32
Q

What are the triplet bases on tRNA called?

A

Anticodons.

33
Q

The triplet bases on tRNA recognize _ on the _.

A

Codons; mRNA.

34
Q

What builds polypeptides?

A

Ribosomes.

35
Q

What takes place on the surface of ribosomes?

A

Translation.

36
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

They coordinate the functioning of mRNA & tRNA, & ultimately the synthesis of polypeptides.

37
Q

What are the the subunits of the ribosomes, & what is each subunit composed of?

A
  • Small & Large

- They are composed of ribosomal RNAs & proteins.

38
Q

Ribosomal subunits come together during translation & have binding sites for?

A

mRNA & tRNA.

39
Q

The start of an mRNA message is marked by?

A

An initiation codon.

40
Q

What are the 3 stages of translation?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
41
Q

Name the three structures that initiation brings together?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. A tRNA bearing the first amino acid
  3. Two subunits of ribosomes.
42
Q

What does initiation establish?

A

Where translation will begin.

43
Q

In the first step of initiation; an mRNA molecule binds to a _ & the first _ binds to _ at the _.

A

Small ribosomal subunit ; tRNA ; mRNA ; start codon.

44
Q

The start codon reads AUG & codes for methionine ; so the first tRNA has the anticodon_.

A

UAC.

45
Q

For the ribosome to function, the small ribosome subunit is joined by?

A

A large ribosomal subunit.

46
Q

What are the regions on the large ribosomal subuni

A

E (exit) site
P(peptidyl) site
A (aminoacyl) site

47
Q

The first tRNA occupies the _ site, which will hold the growing _.

A

P ; polypeptide chain.

48
Q

The _ site is available to receive the next _.

A

A ; tRNA.

49
Q

_ adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain , until a _ terminates translation.

A

Elongation ; stop codon

50
Q

Name the 3 steps involved in a cycle of elongation.

A
  1. Codon recognition
  2. Peptide bond formation
  3. Translocation
51
Q

In which step does the anticodon of an incoming tRNA molecule, carrying its amino acid, pair with the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome?

A

Codon recognition.

52
Q

What happens during peptide chain formation?

A

The new amino acid is joined to the chain.

53
Q

In tranalocation, the _ is released from the _ site on the large subunit, the _ moves briefly into the 3rd site on the ribosome, known as the _ site?

A

tRNA ; P ; uncharged tRNA ; E (exit).

54
Q

What is the complex formed during translocation?

A

mRNA-tRNA aa2-aa1 complex.

55
Q

This complex shifts in which site direction & by a distance of how many nucleotides?

A

P site direction ; 3 nucleotides.

56
Q

The process of translocation requires?

A

Several protein elongation factors ( EFs)

57
Q

On which site do the triplet codons (UAG, UAA, or UGA) appear to signal termination?

A

A site

58
Q

The stop codons do not specify an amino acid, therefore they do not call for _ in the A site.

A

tRNA.

59
Q

What happens when a stop/termination/ nonsense codon is encountered?

A

The finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, & the A site is left empty.

60
Q

The termination codon signals the action of a _?

A

GTP-dependent release factor .

61
Q

The GTP-dependent release factor stimulates …

A

Steps leading to the release of the polypeptide chain from the terminal tRNA & subsequently from the translation complex.

62
Q

What happens to the tRNA in the end?

A

It is released from the ribosome, which then dissociates into its subunits.

Advanced Molecular Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions