The First Two years

Question 1

CAREGIVER-INFANT SYNCHRONY

Answer 1

Patterns of closely coordinated social and emotional interactions between a caregiver and an infant

Question 2

GOODNESS OF FIT

Answer 2

Match of mood and temperament
Mismatch leads to later adjustment problems

Question 3

CO-REGULATION

Answer 3

Joint attention
Reciprocal turn-taking in interactions

Question 4

Earliest emotions consist of two arousal states:

Answer 4

Attraction to pleasant stimulation
Withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation

Emotions gradually become organized and specific, supported by sensitive caregiving and mirroring

Question 5

Self-Regulation

Answer 5

An important change in an infant’s emotions is the growing ability to self regulate their own expressive behaviours and associated emotional states (Hoffnung et al., 2019 pg 239).
* These self-directed regulatory behaviours include, shifting away form unpleasant events, self comforting and self stimulation.
* Infants whose parents read and respond to their emotional cues tend to be less fussy and irritable.

Question 6

ATTACHMENT

Answer 6

• The strong and enduring emotional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver during the infant’s first year of life.
• Attachment is something that children and parents/caregivers create together in an ongoing reciprocal relationship.
• Attachment is a special type of reciprocal relationship between children and parents/caregivers that is the context within which the child learns to regulate emotion.
• Attachment relationships therefore have the capacity to influence every aspect of a person - mind, body, emotions, relationships and values

Question 7

SECURE ATTACHMENT

Answer 7

65–70% A healthy bond between infant and caregiver. The child is happy when the caregiver is present, somewhat upset during the caregiver’s absence, and easily comforted upon the caregiver’s return.

Question 8

ANXIOUS-RESISTANT OR AMBIVALENT ATTACHMENT

Answer 8

10%. An insecure bond between infant and caregiver in which the child shows signs of anxiety preceding separation, is intensely upset by separation, and seeks close contact when reunited while at the same time resisting the caregiver’s efforts to comfort.

Question 9

ANXIOUS-AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT

Answer 9

20% An insecure bond between infant and caregiver in which the child rarely cries when separated from the caregiver and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver when reunited.

Question 10

DISORGANISED-DISORIENTATED ATTACHMENT

Answer 10

This pattern indicates the greatest degree of insecurity between infant and parent. When reunited with the parent, the infant exhibits confused and contradictory behaviour, including unresponsiveness, turning away when held, frozen postures and unexpected cries after being comforted.