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The Wars of the Roses > The first reign of Edward IV, 1461-70 > Flashcards

The first reign of Edward IV, 1461-70 Flashcards

1
Q

Where was Lancastrian power concentrated?

A

Northumberland

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2
Q

Who were the Lancastrians supported by?

A

Scottish and French. The Earl of Northumberland and Somerset supported the Lancastrians at Hedgeley Moor and Hexham.

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3
Q

What was the cause of the Battle at Hedgeley Moor in April 1464?

A

Henry and Margaret’s return to England with a French-backed army. Edward then sent an army North.

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4
Q

Who commanded the Yorkist army at Hedgeley Moor?

A

Warwick’s brother, John Neville, Lord Montagu.

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5
Q

Who won the Battle at Hedgeley Moor in April 1464?

A

The Yorkists. The Earl of Northumberland was killed and Somerset survived.

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6
Q

What happened three weeks after the Battle at Hedgeley Moor in April 1464?

A

Somerset offered Battle at Hexham.

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7
Q

Who won the Battle at Hexham in 1464?

A

The Yorkists won and Somerset was executed.

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8
Q

What happened to Margaret and Henry after the Yorkist victory at Hexham?

A

Margaret and her son Edward fled to France. Henry also fled.

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9
Q

Why was Edward determined to establish better relations with France and Scotland?

A

They enjoyed Lancastrian support. He wanted to deny them any political, financial, or military aid.

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10
Q

Did Edward establish better relations with France and Scotland.

A

He negotiated truces with James III of Scotland and Louis XI of France.

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11
Q

Why did the king open negotiations with the Duke of Burgundy?

A

He wanted to secure an ally in case the French reneged on their truce. He also wanted to end the trade war with Burgundy.

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12
Q

How did Warwick try to cement the Anglo-French alliance?

A

He tried to persuade Edward to marry the French king’s daughter.

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13
Q

Why was Edward IV’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville controversial?

A

It was conducted in secret. Warwick was not advised and it ruined his plans to cement the Anglo-French alliance. Woodville also had two children from a previous marriage.

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14
Q

How did Edward try to heal divisions from the 1450s and 1459-61 battles?

A

He adopted a policy of conciliation.

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15
Q

What did the policy of conciliation entail?

A

He pardoned the Lancastrians and offered them employment.

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16
Q

Why was it a mistake not to kill Henry when Edward had him in his custody.

A

Because it meant that Edward’s opponents had an alternative king to support.

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17
Q

How successful was Edward’s policy of conciliation?

A

Not very because many Lancastrians were reluctant to accept Edward’s offer and Edward lacked the resources to deliver on these offers anyway. He struggled to compensate his own supporters.

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18
Q

How did Edward try to improve relations with the nobility.

A

Gave titles to many noblemen.

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19
Q

Was Edward successful at improving relations with the nobility?

A

No, because the titles he gave to the nobility often carried no land.

20
Q

How did Edward exploit his Lancastrian enemies?

A

He redistributed their titles to Yorkists. This led to resentment and many then began to plot to overthrow the king.

21
Q

What mistake of Henry VI did Edward repeat?

A

Edward, like Henry failed to widen his circle of patronage: Edward’s brothers Clarence and Richard were made Dukes of Clarence and Gloucester.

22
Q

What does A.J Pollard say about Warwick?

A

‘The mightiest of over-mighty subjects’. Instrumental role in: Edward’s usurpation of the throne in 1461, Edward’s disposition in 1469, Henry VI’s restoration in 1470.

23
Q

What made the Earl of Warwick powerful?

A

His estate.

24
Q

Why was Warwick made Captain of Calais

A

Because he supported Richard, Duke of York at St Albans.

25
Q

Who captured and imprisoned Henry VI?

A

Warwick after the Battle of Northampton.

26
Q

What did James Kennedy, Bishop of St Andrews say about the power of Warwick?

A

James Kennedy, Bishop of St Andrews. He had Lancastrian sympathies. He provided the Lancastrians with refuge.

27
Q

What did 1901 Dictionary of National Biography say about the power of Warwick?

A

Real ruler of England during the 1st three years of Edward IV’s reign.

28
Q

What did JA Froude say about the power of Warwick?

A

Warwick ruled, while Edward reigned.

29
Q

What did Charles Ross say about the power of Edward?

A

Edward was king in name and fact.

30
Q

What did AJ Pollard say about the power of Warwick?

A

It would be entirely wrong to suggest that Warwick was the author of royal policy during the early years.

31
Q

What offices did Warwick hold?

A

Captain of Calais, Constable of Dover, Admiral of England and Ireland.

32
Q

What conflicting interests did Warwick and the Earl of Pembroke have?

A

The Earl of Pembroke ruled as viceroy in Wales. Warwick wanted to add Wales to his portfolio.

33
Q

When was the Burgundian alliance confirmed?

A

A Burgundian delegation arrived in London in 1467.

34
Q

What did the Treaty of Burgundy entail?

A

Edward’s sister married Margaret Duke Charles of Burgundy.

35
Q

Why is the Burgundian alliance significant?

A

It showed that Edward really was king and that Warwick’s influence had been overestimated.

36
Q

Why did Warwick withdraw from the royal court in 1467?

A

Influence of the Woodvilles and the Burgundian alliance.

37
Q

How did Edward alienate the Duke of Clarence?

A

Clarence was irritated by how much influence the Woodvilles had at court. Under the influence of Woodville, the king also denied his request to marry Warwick’s daughter, Isobel.

38
Q

What is the significance of Edward’s refusal to allow Clarence to marry Warwick’s daughter?

A

It humiliated both of them.

39
Q

Where and when did Warwick-inspired rebellions occur?

A

In the North in April 1469.

40
Q

What did circumstance did Warwick take advantage of in mid-1468?

A

The growing economic crisis caused by several bad harvests.

41
Q

Where did Warwick go to plot the restoration of Henry VI?

A

Calais. He hoped the rebellions in the North would keep Edward busy.

42
Q

What did Warwick and Clarence do once they arrived in Calais?

A

They took command of the garrison and issued a manifesto outlining their grievances and stating their intention to rid the kingdom of the Crown’s ‘evil councilors’.

43
Q

What event sealed the alliance between Warwick and Clarence?

A

Clarence married Warwick’s daughter.

44
Q

When did Warwick and Clarence return to England?

A

July 1469.

45
Q

Which battle was a consequence of Warwick and Clarence’s return to England?

A

The Battle of Edgecote.

46
Q

What happened at Edgecote?

A

Warwick and Clarence managed to intercept Pembroke’s Welsh army and Pembroke’s army was heavily defeated.

47
Q

What happened to Pembroke after Edgecote?

A

He was captured and executed.

The Wars of the Roses (3 decks)

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