The First Peninsular Kingdoms Flashcards
The first peninsular kingdoms
Asturias
Marca Hispanica
Battle of Roncesvalles
Asturias
- Muslims collected taxes from Christian people. BUT one of the local leaders (caudillo) called Pelagius, refused to pay. This caused the battle of Covadonga in 722. Pelagius won
- The first king of Asturias was Alonso I
- Alfonso III made Oviedo the capital of the Kingdom
Marca Hispanica
- Charlemagne wanted to conquer the territory between Pyrenees and Ebro river. He conquered cities as Jaca, Girona, Barcelona… and established the Marca Hispanica
- This Marca was divided into counties
- When Charlemagne died, these counts proclaimed themselves independent and created the Kingdom of Pamplona, The Aragonese counties and the Catalan counties
Battle of Roncesvalles
- Charlemagne’s troops retreated to France after failing in the conquest of Zaragoza
- Basques defeated them in Roncesvalles in 778. In this battle, Charlemagne’s nephew, Roland, died
From the Kingdom of Asturias to the Kingdom of Leon
- 9th century, Alfonso III expanded the territory of Asturias through the South
- They conquered the territory between Cordillera Cantábrica and River Duero: Astorga, León, Porto, Zamora…
- To occupy the conquered territory peasants were encouraged to resettle this place
- In 914, king Ordoño II moved the capital to Leon to protect better the territory
- Kingdom of Leon tried to expand towards Salamanca but it couldn’t
- Muslims commanded by Al-Mansur stopped them and attacked them making RAIDS
- The strategy of Leon changed to defend the territory was better than attack it
Castile
Castile
- Muslim attacks to Leon came from Burgos, Rioja… from the East
- To defend this territory, king Alfonso III gave power to some counts and built castles-> County of Castles
- The lack of control by kings that counts acted independently
- In 10th century, the count Fernán Gonzalez made this county independent from Leon
- In 11th century Castile was conquered by Pamplona
- The new king gave it to his son Ferdinand and he was the first king of Castile and Leon (by marriage)
Pyrenean counties and kingdom
- Kingdom of Pamplona
- Aragón
- Catalan counties
- Legacy of Sancho III
Kingdom of Pamplona
- Between Arga and Aragón rivers. Arista and Jimena families ruled the combats against Muslims
- Arista dynasty expelled Frankish counts from Pamplona and became kings: Iñigo Arista
- In 10th century expanded through Aragón, Alava and La Rioja
Pyrenean counties and kingdoms: Aragón
- 9th century, Aznar Galíndez family created the County of Aragón
- The 3 counties (Aragón, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza)
Catalan counties
- In 9th century, count of Barcelona, Wilfred the hairy conquered other small counties and annexed them to Barcelona
- His grandson Borell II became independent from Franks
- 11th-12th centuries: expansion
Legacy of Sancho III
-Sancho III of Pamplona conquered territories according to
1-Castile: By marriage to Doña Sancha
2-Aragón, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza: By conquest
3-León: conquered because of internal problems
- In 1035 when he died, his 3 sons recieved
- León+Castile
- Pamplona
- Aragón+Sobrarbe+Ribagorza
The advance of Christian Kingdoms
-From 1031 Al Andalus was divided in Taifas payed tributes in gold to Christians called PARIAS
Castile and León, Almoravids+Almohads, Pamplona, Aragón
Castile and Leon
- Alfonso VI in 1085 arrived to Toledo and conquered the area
- These advances stopped in 12th century because of the help of Almoravids and Almohads
Almoravids+Almohads
- Almoravids: stopped Christians advance and took control of the taifas in 11th century
- Almohads: in exchange of help, Almohads incorporated Al Andalus to their Empire in North Africa. Finally they were defeated in Las Navas de Toledo 1212
Pamplona
-Couldn’t expand-> Limited by Aragón+Castile in the South
