The First 2 Years Biosocial and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Social Referencing

Answer 1

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous objects or events by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions

Question 2

Synchrony

Answer 2

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and infant

Question 3

Disorganized attachment

Answer 3

a type of attachment marked by the infant’s inconsistent reactions to a caregiver’s departure and return

Question 4

Insecure attachment

Answer 4

a pattern of attachment where the infant’s anxiety and uncertainty are evident

Question 5

Insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 5

A pattern of attachemnt where the infant avoids connection with the caregiver

Question 5

Secure attachment

Answer 5

a pattern of attachment where the infant finds security, comfort, and confidence in the presence of their caregiver

Question 6

Psychodynamic Theory

Answer 6

Personality develops in unconscious psychological processes (For example, wishes and fears of which we’re not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality.

Question 7

Behaviorism Theory

Answer 7

All behaviors are learned through interactions in your environment

Question 8

Sociocultural Theory

Answer 8

Explores how social interactions and the influence of the world affects your development

Question 9

Cognitive Theory

Answer 9

Thoughts are the primary determinants of emotions and behavior

Question 10

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 10

Past experiences of your predecessors affect how you develop

Question 11

Social Smile

Answer 11

A smile evoked by a human face normally first evident in infants about six weeks after birth

Question 12

Attachment

Answer 12

A tie that binds an infant and caregiver together

Question 13

Still-face technique

Answer 13

An experimental practice where the caregiver keeps his or her face expressionless during a face-to-face interaction

Question 14

Proximal Parenting

Answer 14

A caregiving practice where they are physically close to the infant a lot and there is frequent touching and holding

Question 15

Temperament

Answer 15

Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self regulation. It is measured by the persons typical responses to the environment

Question 16

Self-awareness

Answer 16

The realization that he or she is a distinct individual and whose body, mind, and emotions are separate from other people’s

Question 17

Stranger wariness

Answer 17

An infants expression of concern, a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear when a stranger appears

Question 18

Jean Piaget

Answer 18

best known for his research on the cognitive theory, studied the intellectual development of children; created a theory that described the stages that children pass through in the
development of intelligence and formal thought processes

Question 19

Separation Anxiety

Answer 19

An infant’s distress when the caregiver leaves

Question 20

Allocare

Answer 20

A person that isn’t the mother or father is apart of caring for the infant

Question 21

Language acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 21

Hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation

Question 22

Mean length of utterance (MLU)

Answer 22

The average number of words in a typical sentence often used to measure language development

Question 23

Naming explosion

Answer 23

A sudden increase in vocabulary and forming longer sentences beginning in 18 months

Question 24

Holophrase

Answer 24

a single words that explains a complete thought

Question 25

4 basic mechanisms of evolutionary theory

Answer 25

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection

Question 26

Babbling

Answer 26

An infants repetition of certain syllables begin when babies are 6-9 months old

Question 27

Little Scientist

Answer 27

The stage five toddler (age 12 to 18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results using trial and error in active and creative exploration

Question 28

Object Permanence

Answer 28

The realization that an object still exists when you cannot see it

Question 29

Simple reflexes

Answer 29

Birth to 1 month - coordinates sensations and reflexes

Question 30

First habits and primary circular reactions

Answer 30

1 to 4 months - coordination of sensations, habits, and primary of circular reactions; the body is still main focus

Question 31

Secondary circular reactions

Answer 31

4 to 8 months - infant becomes more object-oriented, repeats actions

Question 32

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Answer 32

8 to 12 months - coordination of vision and touch; hand-eye coordination

Question 33

Tertiary circular reactions

Answer 33

12 to 18 months - Infants become intrigued by the mechanisms behind objects and new behaviors

Question 34

Internalization of schemes

Answer 34

18 to 24 months - infant develops ability to use primitive symbols, forms lasting mental images

Question 35

Temperament vs. Personality

Answer 35

Temperament is a genetic social reaction - ie shyness
Personality is shaped by social interactions - ie honesty

Question 35

Full smiles

Answer 35

4 months

Question 36

Anger

Answer 36

4-8 months

Question 37

Laugher and Curiosity

Answer 37

3 months

Question 38

Fear of social events

Answer 38

9 - 14 months

Question 39

Self-awareness, pride, shame, embarrassment

Answer 39

18 months

Question 40

Role of fathers

Answer 40

Most fathers are seen as playmates while mothers are seen as caregivers

Question 41

Is language important to a baby?

Answer 41

Yes language is the interaction between caregiver and baby. A baby learns more when reading to rather than being put in front of a tv. Language is what makes us human and survive and is the basis from where all human learning occurs.