The fascist state Flashcards
How did Mussolini attmept to control the youth?
December 1921 formed Fascist Youth Front for boys between 14 and 17 years.->creation of the GUF that had been formed in March 1923 ->creation of the Balilla for children between 8 and 14 years.Girls were also included from 1934 .
how were the youth group run?
Girls were also included from 1934 . The organisations were under the control of the party to the Ministry of National Education which was created 1929 to ensure the education and the physical training of the youth= ONB was linked to the formal education system making it compulsory for both boys and girls up until age 11. wasn’t compulsory after 11 but was difficult to go into further education or to get a job or make you suspicious.
What was the OND?
. In 1925 they replaced the socialsit organisations for worker recreation and welfare. This gave each worker social and sporting opportunities.The most popular aspect of the OND was the subsidised holidays and excursions. By 1939 it had over 4 million members with 80% of all state and private sectors workers to be a part of this organisation. These organisations contribute to Mussolini’s popular appeal but it didn’t have any direct promotion of fasicst beliefs and ideology.
what was Fasicst censorship like?
A key problem was that everyone liked mussolini but we don’t know the extent to which people actually like the fasicst ideology as it focused on the worship of one leader rather than an ideology.
What was Fasicst propaganda like?
THe national institute of Fasicst culture in 1926 organised free concerts and publications to encourage the mass Italian participation in fasicst cultural propaganda. In 1932 the Exhibition of the Fasicst Revolution was held to celebrate a decade of fasicst rule. He also made sure architecture expresses the fasicsit goals with neoclassical buildings with both Ancient Rome and the new fasicit regime. The influence of fasicst culture was not effective in creating loyal fascists as organisations did not focus entirely to inspire the Italian people
What was the cult of il duce?
It portrayed him on one hand to be an attractive man of strength whilst on the other hand being a family man, though conflicting it contributed to strengthening the cult of il duce. His position was strengthened by the idea that he was a lone leader above everyone and was the sole reason for the improvements in Italy. As a result it had united Italians for supporting the dictatorship so that it could lead Italy to greatness
What were the problems with the cult of il duce?
A key problem was that everyone liked mussolini but we don’t know the extent to which people actually like the fasicst ideology as it focused on the worship of one leader rather than an ideology.
How succesful were the PNF in transforming ITalian people into Loyal fasicsts?
THe national institute of Fasicst culture in 1926 organised free concerts and publications to encourage the mass Italian participation in fasicst cultural propaganda. In 1932 the Exhibition of the Fasicst Revolution was held to celebrate a decade of fasicst rule. He also made sure architecture expresses the fasicsit goals with neoclassical buildings with both Ancient Rome and the new fasicit regime. The influence of fasicst culture was not effective in creating loyal fascists as organisations did not focus entirely to inspire the Italian people
When did he pass the law to ban other political parties?
November 1926 he passed the law to ban all other political parties+ Death penalty was re-introduced to those who attempted to assassinate the king, Mussolini or who threatened the state authority.
When was the secret police set up?
1927
How else did Mussolini police the Italians?
In 1926 there was the creation of the political police division who had the role of breaking up anti fasicst organisations- under the leadership of Arturo Bocchini.Bocchini held files on over 130,000 only 9 deaths before WW2 = successes of Bocchini that he was able to stop fascist opposition to occur all over Italy.
What was corfino?
Confino was when political dissidents were sent to the south in exile.->10,000 were sent to the Confino.
When did fasicim become anti-semetic?
anti-Jewish policies in 1937. There were only about 45,000 Jewish Italians and Mussolini also had a Jewish mistress and appointed a Jewish minister in 1932. However in 1938 he passed law= illegal for ‘pure’ Italians to marry Jews.They also the policies as a sign of political weakness and subordination to German policy.
How did Mussolini erode the power of the king?
Fasicst Grand Council gained constitutional right to limit the king’s future nomination of future prime minister in 1928, passed a law creating the title of First Marshal of the empire to be the highest ranked position in the military and role given both to the king and Mussolini in 1938- before this the highest position was supreme military commander which was given to the king, June 1940 Mussolini had full control of the army as the supreme military commander
How did Mussolini gain support of the conservative eleites?
The traditional conservative elites were able to retain the political influence through the newly created position of the Podesta.
What was central government like after the establishment of Dictatorship?
by 1928 parliament consisted of 400 deputies chosen by the FGC. The formalisation of the FGC in December 1928 meant that any political work should be approved by the FGC, however, central power was on Mussolini.
How was local government run?
The prefects were appointed by Mussolini= ensured loyalty. Each local council of a province was run by a podesta (who were often conservative elites) that were appointed by the prefects.
