the family - russia Flashcards
1
Q
Lenin Key policies/views
A
- Family Code 1918
- Kollontai under socialism ‘family ceases to
be necessary’ -> state should takeover
care children + provide social services +
free love -> idealistic- egalitarian
2
Q
Lenin divorce
A
- easier
- Could be dissolved by either husband or
wife & no need for grounds - Made use esp urban population
- Mid-1920’s Russia divorce rate highest in
Europe
3
Q
Lenin abortion and creches
A
- abortions legalised and Creches were encouraged
- Made use of abortion esp. Urban populations
- Moscow abortions: live births = 3:1
4
Q
Lenin Women’s right/roles
A
New rights and freedoms inc. rights w/in marriage
5
Q
Lenin Family structure
A
- Less traditional
- egalitarian society
6
Q
Lenin Key concerns
A
- Abortion high, contraception low
- Birth rate low
- Breakup of families = increase in orphans
roaming the street
- Concern authorities
- Pressure (often poorer society) more
conservative measures
7
Q
Lenin Key Changes
A
- more radical
8
Q
Lenin Cause for change
A
- Civil war = more women need to enter work
- Reduce maltreatment + traditional oppression of women through institutions of family
- Reduce hold orthodox church
9
Q
Stalin Key policies/views
A
Revised Family Code 1926
New marriage law 1927
‘Great Retreat’ of 1936
Male homosexuality outlawed
10
Q
Stalin Divorce
A
- Made easier by revised family code
- Led to ‘postcard divorces’ -> notify partner of divorce via postcard
- By 1926, 50% of all marriages ended in divorce
- Great retreat
- Divorce < expensive -> 4 to 50 roubles
- Jul 1944 Divorce harder = go district court to attempt reconciliation
11
Q
Stalin abortion + creches
A
- Outlawed except where life of mother @ risk
- More resources devoted to building creches + day care centres
- # of nursery places doubled 1928 - 30 + cont. Grow 2nd 5-yr plan
12
Q
Stalin Women’s rights/roles
A
- Pregnant women = Guaranteed job security & right to request lighter work
- Maternity leave increased to 16 weeks
- July 1944 intro ‘Mother-heroine’ awards for women with 10+ kids
13
Q
Stalin Marriage
A
- 1927 New marriage law -> unregistered & registered marriages =
- 1936 GR: Free marriages lost legal status + gov. Stated family responsibilities to be taken more seriously
- Gold wedding rings - previously viewed + discouraged as bourgeois begin appearing in shops
- Jul 1944 Tax on single people
14
Q
Stalin Family Structure
A
- 2 yr prison sentences for fathers who didn’t pay for upkeep of children
- LA’s viewed this as low priority
15
Q
Stalin Key Concern
A
High divorce rate
16
Q
Stalin Key Changes
A
- More conservative measures ‘Great Retreat’
- Family is an unnecessarily ‘bourgeois’ concept replaced w/ view the family was a necessary unit of socialist society
- pronatalist policies
17
Q
Stalin Cause for change
A
Concern over detrimental effects of breakdown of marriage
18
Q
Khrushchev - abortion
A
Abortion legalised 1955 to reduce financial strain -> continued use as a type of contraception
19
Q
Khrushchev Women’s rights/roles
A
- Women encouraged to take care of family + household & undertake full-time employment
- 1960 women 49% of workforce
20
Q
khrushchev Family structure
A
- Domestic duties other family members
- Babushki (grandmothers) undertook some of burden of housework, childcare & queuing for food
21
Q
Khrushchev social support
A
- Soviet society < respect elderly = Multi-generational family units = lower cost for gov to support old & sick
- Increased social benefit provision i.e housing, maternity, healthcare & childcare
22
Q
Khrushchev Key concerns
A
- Inadequate provision of social benefits = pressure women to care for + work for + income
- Gov. aware so encouraged women to work
23
Q
Khrushchev key changes
A
Promotion of the family as a social unit
24
Q
Brezhnev
A
- Family code 1968
25
Brezhnev Key policies/views
- Family code 2968
- pronatalist policies
26
Brezhnev - divorce
- High divorce rates
- Nearly a ⅓ of marriages ended in divorce
- Often consequence of absent father + alcoholism
- It was illegal to divorce a pregnant woman or w/in 1 yr of childs’ birth
27
Brezhnev marriages
- Couples 1 month notice before wedding to combat hasty marriages & period could be increased
28
Brezhnev Family Structure
- Decline population = pressure on economically active members to support + aid sick & old
- By 1982, growth rate had fallen to 0.8%
Families in cities small
1970 Aug avg. 2.4 kids drop from 1959 2.9 kids
- Birth Rate in Russia & western Republics
barely enough to replace existing -
population - avg. 1.9 children
29
Brezhnev key concerns
- Low birth rate
- Birth Rate in Central Asian Republics (Islamic) much higher than Russia and western republic = concern
Housing shortage = strain on relationships - - BUT… sustained progress in provision of housing improved situation
1970 trend towards single family occupancy of apartments + flats BUT OVERCROWDING
- Alcoholism undermine family -> increase in domestic abuse + divorce
- By 1982, avg. soviet adult consume 18 litres of spirits per yr, nearly double 1970
High divorce rate
30
Brezhnev key changes
- Reinforce traditional values
- Early 1980s discussion to differentiate family allowance to encourage larger families in Western republics + for ‘birth incentives’ to be included in 1981 Party Programme + proposal for to give women several months of work but never implemented
- Divorce restrictions
31
Brezhnev cause for change
- Declining population rate
- High divorce
