The Family Flashcards
What is the function of the family
to socialize the young (foster the process of acquiring beliefs, motives, values and behaviours deemed significant and approrpiate)
Beliefs about gender stability
Trans children and their siblings were less likely than controls to believe that other people’s gender is stable.
What’s an example of a reciprocal effect with parenting?
Parents using physical punishment –> child will respond externally by acting out –> parents will increase physical punishment due to acting out
Who put forward a provocative view saying that parents don’t have as much of an impact on their children as we think? What are their central thoughts?
Harris
1. Parental behaviours don’t have an effect on psychological characteristics that children will have as adults
2. Peer groups are primary environmental influence on psych functioning
3. dyadic relationships are situation specific
What are the 3 theories about child-rearing practices
Attachment theory –> strange situation
Attribution theory
Social Cognitive theory
Attachment theory
Attachment: how the child seeks closeness to the parent when distressed
Bowlby and Robertson
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Attachment
3 Attachment Styles:
Type A - Insecure Avoidant (don’t look for their caregiver)
Type B - Secure (easily reassured)
Type C - Insecure ambivalent/resistant (not easily comforted by caregiver, clingy, dependent behaviour)
Attribution Theory
External motivation: incentives
Internal motivation: personal attributions
- how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behaviour
- ability, effort, task difficulty, luck as the most important factors affecting attributions for achievement
Weiner
- if we undermine children’s intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward, it reduces the child’s exploration and motivation
Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura
Development of self-regulatory control in the exercise of human agency (shifting from mainly external, to self)
Triad:
- behaviour: parenting practices used
- person: self-efficacy beliefs, self-regulation
- environment: child’s behaviour (crying)
Socio-cognitive Influences
- Modelling
- Enactive Experience
- Direct Tuition These
Sociocognitive Regulators
Motivational factors:
- social sanctions (other’s expectations)
- self-sanctions (self-expectations)
- self-efficacy beliefs (confidence in enacting a specific behaviour)
describe the self-regulatory process
self-observation
judgement process
self-reaction
Appraising the techniques for socialization –> strengthening behaviour
Social rewards —> stronger than material rewards
- note: important to link the praise to the reason / the behaviour
verbal attributions (positive, when the child is doing that behaviour)
-ve side effects of physical punishment
–> immitation of aggression hypothesis –> cyclical
–> avoidance of parents
–> anxiety inhibits recall of dicsiplinary encounter (will not lead to internalizing of behaviour)
–> highlights external control
define corporal punishment
use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain but not injury for the purposes of ‘discipline’
behaviours that cause INJURY are considered physical abuse
i.e. physical abuse usually involves excessive corporal punihsment
corporal punishment - spanking –> =ve and -ve
Positives:
immediate compliance
negative effects:
decreased internalization of moral standards
lower cognitive ability
poor parent child relations
poor mental health (increased suicidal ideation and depression)
risk of suffering physical abuse
predictor of criminal + antisocial behaviour
Ferguson’s meta analysis
aggression was considered within the externalizing problems
small longitudinal relationship with phyuscial punishment use and externalizing problems
gemder differences on spanking recipient
- females experiencing a lot more gad as a resut of physcial punishment than males
Cultural discrepancies between these results
experiences of physcial discipline during the first5 years increased externalizing problems in European American Children in K and 3rd grade, but no effect on African American children
this might be moderated by the normitveness to explain why its stronger in some cultures than others
countries with the lowest normative use of physical discipline show the strongest positive association between individual mothers’ use of physical discilpine and their children’s behaviour problems (anxiety and aggression)
in all countries, high physical discipline was associated with more negative outcomes
- thailand has the lowest level of physical punihsment, but the strongest relationship with punishment and anxiety
greater moral disengagement proneness ///
associated with increased intentions to use physical punishment
was associated with less anticipated self-censure (guilt) for using physical punishment
Global Styles of parenting and their effects:
The factor-analytic approach
- parental love (warmth-hostility)
- control (permissiveness-restrictiveness)
Baumrind’s Typology of Parenting Styles
- authoritarian (booo - high control low warmth)
- authoritative (high control high warmth)
- permissive/indulgent (low control high warmth)
- neglectful (low control low warmth)
Authoritarian parenting practices across cultures
Authoritarian parenting (high control, low warmth) leads to externalizing problems in European American children, as well as reduced closeness between parent and child - but does not lead to the same outcomes in African American or Chinese American families
How does parenting practices, antisocial behaviour and adolescent self-disclosure interact?
- the more positive the parenting behaviours are, the more adolescent self-disclosure will occur, which will increase parental knowledge and decrease antisocial behaviour
- parenting practice is not going to contribute to negative outcomes unless if its limiting the adolescent self-disclosure
3 step model: - parenting relates to adolescent self-disclosure
- self-disclosure is positively related to parental knowledge
- parental knowledge negatively predicts substance use and delinquent behaviour
Types of self-disclosure - social domain theory categories
Prudential issues: adolescents’ health, safety, comfort, or harm to the self
Moral and conventional issues: others’ welfare, fairness, rights, contextually relative behavioural norms
Personal issues: control over one’s body, privacy, preferences and choices about appearance, activities and friendship choices
Multifaceted issues: overlap the personal and either the conventional or prudential issues
Adolescents disclosed more about prudential and personal than multifaceted behaviours.
RTK
Right To Know
RTK was greatest about risky prudential activities
adolescents’ stronger RTK beliefs predicted lower concealment 6 months later and less increase in concealment over time
mother’s stronger rtk beliefs predicted more concealment over time
Pressured secrecy and pressured disclosure
Pressured secrecy was especially aversive for girls - associated with depression and anxiety.
Was related to stress for boys.
Pressured disclosure was less deterimental and had a positive effect on girls’ anxiety over time.
Helicopter Parenting - types of profiles
Autonomous: low HP, low felt overcontrol
Mother overcontrol: high mother HP, felt over control
Father overcontrol: high father HP, felt overcontrol
HP acceptors: high HP, low felt overcontrol
Overcontrolling profiles lead to the worst negative outcomes in terms of internalizing problems
HP acceptors were highest in parental warmth and intimate disclosure, but no better in terms of internalizing problems.
Parental reactions on eating and body image
- daughters reported more maternal comments on weight/shape and more negative eating comments from mothers than sons
- sons reported more negative weight comments from fathers than daughters
