The Family Flashcards
What is the function of the family
to socialize the young (foster the process of acquiring beliefs, motives, values and behaviours deemed significant and approrpiate)
Beliefs about gender stability
Trans children and their siblings were less likely than controls to believe that other people’s gender is stable.
What’s an example of a reciprocal effect with parenting?
Parents using physical punishment –> child will respond externally by acting out –> parents will increase physical punishment due to acting out
Who put forward a provocative view saying that parents don’t have as much of an impact on their children as we think? What are their central thoughts?
Harris
1. Parental behaviours don’t have an effect on psychological characteristics that children will have as adults
2. Peer groups are primary environmental influence on psych functioning
3. dyadic relationships are situation specific
What are the 3 theories about child-rearing practices
Attachment theory –> strange situation
Attribution theory
Social Cognitive theory
Attachment theory
Attachment: how the child seeks closeness to the parent when distressed
Bowlby and Robertson
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Attachment
3 Attachment Styles:
Type A - Insecure Avoidant (don’t look for their caregiver)
Type B - Secure (easily reassured)
Type C - Insecure ambivalent/resistant (not easily comforted by caregiver, clingy, dependent behaviour)
Attribution Theory
External motivation: incentives
Internal motivation: personal attributions
- how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behaviour
- ability, effort, task difficulty, luck as the most important factors affecting attributions for achievement
Weiner
- if we undermine children’s intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward, it reduces the child’s exploration and motivation
Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura
Development of self-regulatory control in the exercise of human agency (shifting from mainly external, to self)
Triad:
- behaviour: parenting practices used
- person: self-efficacy beliefs, self-regulation
- environment: child’s behaviour (crying)
Socio-cognitive Influences
- Modelling
- Enactive Experience
- Direct Tuition These
Sociocognitive Regulators
Motivational factors:
- social sanctions (other’s expectations)
- self-sanctions (self-expectations)
- self-efficacy beliefs (confidence in enacting a specific behaviour)
describe the self-regulatory process
self-observation
judgement process
self-reaction
Appraising the techniques for socialization –> strengthening behaviour
Social rewards —> stronger than material rewards
- note: important to link the praise to the reason / the behaviour
verbal attributions (positive, when the child is doing that behaviour)
-ve side effects of physical punishment
–> immitation of aggression hypothesis –> cyclical
–> avoidance of parents
–> anxiety inhibits recall of dicsiplinary encounter (will not lead to internalizing of behaviour)
–> highlights external control
define corporal punishment
use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain but not injury for the purposes of ‘discipline’
behaviours that cause INJURY are considered physical abuse
i.e. physical abuse usually involves excessive corporal punihsment
corporal punishment - spanking –> =ve and -ve
Positives:
immediate compliance
negative effects:
decreased internalization of moral standards
lower cognitive ability
poor parent child relations
poor mental health (increased suicidal ideation and depression)
risk of suffering physical abuse
predictor of criminal + antisocial behaviour
