The eye in systemic disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy?

A

Chronic hyperglycemia
Glycosylation of protein/ /basement membrane
Loss or pericytes
Formation of microaneurysm - leads to leakage and ischaemia

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2
Q

What is a pericyte?

A

Contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules throughout the body

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3
Q

What are signs of non proliferative retinopathy?

A
Microaneurysms 
Dot and blot haemorrhages 
Hard exudate
Cotton wool patches
Abnormalities of venous calibre 
Intra-retinal microvascular abnormalities
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4
Q

What are the different types of neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy?

A

Growth on disc (NVD)
Growth in periphery (NVE)
Growth on iris if ischaemia severe

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5
Q

What is rubeosis iridis?

A

Neovascularization of the iris

Can cause secondary glaucoma

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6
Q

Why will diabetic patients lose vision?

A

Retinal oedema
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal scarring
Retinal detachement

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7
Q

What is the classification of maculopathy?

A

No maculopathy
Observable maculopathy
Referable maculopathy
Clinically significant maculopathy

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8
Q

How is diabetic retinopathy managed?

A

Optimise medical management
Laser: PRP, macular grid
Vitrectomy
Rehab

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9
Q

What are common features of hypertensive retinopathy?

A
Attenuated blood vessels - copper or silver wiring
Cotton wool spots
Hard exudates
Retinal haemorrhage
Optic disc oedema
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10
Q

What are the causes of anterior uveitis?

A

Infective: TB, herpes zoster, toxoplasmosis, candidiasis, syphillis, lyme disease
Non-infective: idiopathic syndromes, ankylosing spondylitis
Juvelline arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
Enteropathic arthritis
Sarcoidosis
Behcet’s disease

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11
Q

What are extraocular symptoms of thyroid eye disease?

A

Proptosis
Lid lag
Restrictive myopathy

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12
Q

What are ocular symptoms of thyroid eye disease?

A
Chemosis
Injection
Exposure
Glaucoma
Choroidal folds
Optic nerve swelling
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13
Q

What ocular features can RA have?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Scleritis
Corneal melt

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14
Q

What ocular symptoms will sjogren’s syndrome have?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Xerostomia
RA
Infiltration of lacrimal and parotid glands

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15
Q

What ocular features does marfans syndrome have?

A

Spontaneous lens dislocation

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16
Q

What ocular symptoms can stevens-johnson syndrome have?

A

Symbelpharon
Occlusion of lacrimal glands
Corneal ucler