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Special Senses - vision and hearing > The Eye and Vision > Flashcards

The Eye and Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Constriction of the pupil is brought about by contraction of the?

A

Circular muscle of the iris

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2
Q

During accommodation for near vision what happens?

A

The lens increases in curvature

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3
Q

In humans, both eyes focus on only one set of objects. This is called

A

Binocular vision

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4
Q

Intraocular pressure is primarily due to the

A

Aqueous humor

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5
Q

Most of the refraction of light entering the eye occurs at the

A

Cornea

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6
Q

The anterior cavity contains

A

Aqueous humor

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7
Q

The blind spot is the area where

A

The optic nerve exits the eye

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8
Q

The fibrous tunic is composed of the?

A

Sclera and cornea

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9
Q

The point of greatest visual acuity is the?

A

Central fovea

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10
Q

The white of the eye, which gives shape to the eyeball, makes it more rigid, and protects its inner parts is the?

A

Sclera

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11
Q

When entering a dark room on a sunny day, it takes some time to be able to see because

A

It takes time for the retina to rebuild its rhodopsin

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12
Q

What are the three-layers the wall of the eye is made up of?

A

The fibrous tunic (outer layer), vascular tunic (middle layer) and the retina (inner layer)

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13
Q

What is the fibrous tunic made up of?

A

Cornea and sclera

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14
Q

What is the function of the eye lids?

A

Shield and protect the eyeball from mechanical injury and drying out

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15
Q

What is the function of the eyelashes?

A

Protect the eye from airborne dirt, dust and irritants to the eye

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16
Q

What is the function of the eyebrows?

A

Protects the eye from moisture to maintain sight

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17
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Produce tears to protect the eyeball and cornea through moisture and antibodies against infection. Contains lysozyme to kill pathogens

18
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic eye muscle?

A

Control movement of the eyeball and superior palpable

19
Q

What are lysozyme?

A

A protective bactericidal enzyme, protects, cleans and lubricates the eyeball

20
Q

What are the three layers of the tunics?

A 
Fibrous tunic (outer-layer)
Vascular layer (middle layer) 
Retina (inner layer)
21
Q

Structures involved with the Fibrous?

A

Sclera and Cornea

22
Q

Function of sclera?

A

Fibrous and tough and provides protection and form

23
Q

Function of Cornea?

A

Refracts 75% of light for focus

24
Q

Structures involved with the vascular?

A

Choroid, ciliary body and iris

25
Q

Function of the choroid?

A
  • Blood flow in the eye, provides nutrients, oxygen and removes waste
  • Melanocytes which produce melanin to absorb scattered light within the eye ball and maintain sharp clear images
26
Q

Function of the ciliary body?

A

Changes shape of the lens

27
Q

Function of the iris?

A

The coloured part of the eye, which controls the amount of light entering the eye

28
Q

Describe the retina of the eye?

A

Contains photoreceptors which change light to electrochemical signals that are transmitted to CNS

29
Q

Describe rods?

A
  • Only one type of rod (rhodopsin)
  • Rhodopsin is responsible for black and white vision
  • More numerous
  • Rod shaped
30
Q

Describe cones?

A
  • 3 different types of rhodopsin
  • Responsible for coloured vision
  • Only found in the fovea centrails
  • Coned shaped
31
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Changing shape of the lens to allow sharp focusing of light onto the retina

32
Q

What happens when you view a near object?

A

The Ciliary muscles contract and the Lens thickens

33
Q

What is the visual pathway?

A

Optic nerve - hypothalamus - midbrain - primary visual area and association area

34
Q

Age related changes to the eye?

A
  • Lens lossens
  • Sclera thickens and changes colour
  • Iris fades and develops irregular pigment, muscle weaken
35
Q

As they extend from the retina to the brain, nerve fibers?

A

From the nasal half of each retina cross to reach the opposite visual cortex

36
Q

Which cranial nerve carries visual impulses to the brain?

A

II

37
Q

What is refraction?

A

Involves bending of light rays by cornea and lens to focus an image on the retina

38
Q

What is pupil constriction?

A

Constriction of smooth muscles in the iris changes the pupil diameter to control light entering the eye and prevent light scattering around the retina

39
Q

Describe the pupil?

A

Opening in the eye which allows light to travel into the eye

40
Q

Describe ways in which an image can be formed

A

Refraction - bending of light rays by the cornea and retina to focus an image on central fovea
Accommodation - lens increases/decreases curvature to focus the image on the retina
Convergence - medial movement of the eyeballs to keep both eyes focused on object
Pupil constriction - prevents light rays entering the eye from the periphery of the lens

Special Senses - vision and hearing (2 decks)

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