The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789-1792 - NEEDED FOR EXAM Flashcards
The sans-culottes and the collapse of the constitutional experiment Chapter 8 Waller Have a mindmap of
Who were the sans-culottes?
Working-class radical left-wing supporters D
Which two prominent figures did the sans-culottes support?
- Marat
- Danton
D
Which two locations did the sans-culottes meet in and when?
The Cordeliers Club pre-1792
The Paris sections post-1792
D
What social group made up the majority of the sans-culottes? 1 example
Artisans - e.g. craftsmen
D
What did all sans-culottes share?
A hatred of the ‘selfish wealth’ of the bourgeoisie
D
What imbalance could be detrimental to the sans-culottes?
An imbalance between wages and the cost of living - the difference between acceptable existence and destitution
D
Why were the sans-culottes given their name?
Because they deliberately chose to dress down
D
What would the sans-culottes not wear?
Silk knee breeches with stockings due to them being worn by the higher class D
What colours/patterns were the sans-culottes clothes?
Striped and red/white and blue for the tricolore cockade
D
What were the Parisian sections?
A basic unit of the municipal government in France
D
How many sections of Paris were there and what were they known for?
48 sections were divisions of the Commune, known for their militancy
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Which group dominated many assemblies of the sections?
The sans-culottes
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How were most of the revolutionary journees organised?
Through the sections with the sans-culottes
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When was the journee of June 1792 and why was it that particular date?
20 June 1792 as it was the anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath
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How did the journee of the 20th June 92 begin?
8,000 sans-culottes and some National Guards marched to the Tuileries
D
What did the sans-culottes demand in the journee of 20th June 92
That Louis withdraw his vetoes and reinstate pro-war ministers
D
How did Louis respond to the journee of 20th June 92?
He opened his doors to the crowds, appeared in person and placed a bonnet rouge on his head, and toasted the nation
D
How did the crowd respond to Louis on the journee of 20th June 92?
They were satisfied despite him making no promises in response to their questions and then withdrew
D
How did the moderates react to the journee of 20th June 92?
They found it unsettling so Lafayette visited the Assembly
D
After the journee of 20th June 92, when did Lafayette visit the Assembly and what did he want?
28th of June 92 and he demanded action against the protestors
D
What news on 2 July 92 justified the sans-culottes’ demands on the journee of 20th June?
News that the Army of the North was in retreat
D
On July 11 92, what decree was issued and why?
The decree la patrie en danger (the fatherland in danger) in response to French reverses in the war
D
What did the decree la patrie en danger call on?
That all men should support the war effort
D
What did Robespierre do in the Assembly in July 92?
Give a speech that France should become a republic
D
Which three groups of people supported Robespierre’s speech about France as a republic?
The Paris Commune, the Paris sections and left-wing radicals
D
What did Robespierre’s July speech argue?
That there should be elections to a National Convention that both active and passive citizens would have a vote in
D
What manifesto arrived on August 1 ‘92 and who wrote it?
The Brunswick Manifesto written by the Duke of Brunswick
What two things did the Brunswick Manifesto say?
- That any National Guardsmen captured by Austrians would be killed
- Paris would suffer if any harm came to Louis XVI
D
What happened on the 10 August 1792?
A second sans-culottes march to the Tuileries Palace
D
How many sans-culottes and federes marched on 10 August 92?
20,000 sans-culottes and 2000 federes
D
Who else accompanied the federes and sans-culottes marching on the Tuileries Palace on the journee of 10 Aug 92?
The National Guards from more revolutionary Paris sections
D
How prepared were the sans-culottes and marchers?
Well prepared and well armed
D
How did the King react to the journee of 10 Aug 92?
Louis XVI was advised to seek sanctuary in the Assembly
D
Who defended the Tuileries Palace on the journee of 10 Aug 92? 3 groups
- National Guard loyal to the monarch
- Some gendarmes and ‘gentlemen-at-arms’
- Swiss Guards
D
How many men were there defending Tuileries on the journee of 10 Aug 92? How many of them were Swiss Guards
2,000-3,000 men, with 700-800 Swiss Guards
D
What did many of the National Guard do on the journee of 10 Aug 92?
Defected
D
Due to the National Guard defecting on the journee of 10 Aug 92, what happened?
Crowds were able to surge into the courtyard and first building resulting in a shot being fired
D
As a result of a shot being fired, what happened in the Tuileries on the journee of 10 Aug 92?
A two-hour battle, resulting in the palace nearly being burned down
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How many sans-culottes and federes were killed/wounded in the journee of 10 Aug 92?
1,000
D
How many of the Swiss Guard and gentlemen-at-arms were killed during the August journee?
Nearly all of them
D
In the events following the journee of 10 Aug 92, what did the Paris Commune do regarding the king?
Removed the King and royal family to the Temple prison but didn’t proclaim to depose him or establish a republic
D
What decree did the Paris Commune issue after the August journee?
One that ended the distinction between active and passive citizens but rejected Robespierre’s demand to abandon the two-tier voting system
D
What Convention did the Paris Commune promise after the August journee?
One elected by all men over 25 years
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When was the Paris Commune originally set up and why?
1789 as an illegal municipal council when the King was threatening Paris with troops
D
When did the Paris Commune become an elected body?
1790
D
How many delegates were there in the Paris Commune and how were they decided?
144 chosen by the active citizens of the 48 sections
D
Between July 1789-September 1791, what group were the majority of the Paris Commune from?
Mainly Feuillants
D
Between September 1791-August 1792, what group were the majority of the Paris Commune from?
Mainly Girondins
D
After the sans-culotte journee of 10 August 92, what was the Paris Commune replaced by and who made it up?
A new insurrectionary Commune with a Jacobin majority
D
From Nov 1792, who headed the insurrectionary Commune (former PAris Commune)
Chaumette and Herbert
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Who did the sans-culottes’ favour and what happened to him in the aftermath of the August journee?
Danton who was made Minister of Justice
D
When Danton was made Minister of Justice, what did he establish?
A committee of ministers to take executive power until new elections could be held
D
What was announced regarding laws after the August journee?
That all laws on which the King had used his suspensory veto would immediately come into force
D
What tribunal was set up after the August journee and when?
A tribunal with juries and judges elected by the sections to prosecute traitors on 17 August
D
How did Lafayette react to the events following the August journee?
He made a bid to march on Paris to restore the constitution but failed to attract support so fled France
D
When did Lafayette defect to the Austrians?
19th August 92
D
What two pieces of news reached Paris and when?
25th August 92 - Longwy had fallen to Austria two days previously
1st Sept - Verdun was under siege, suggesting that the Duke of Brunswick was only a couple of weeks away
D
At the same time as the threat of the Austrians reaching Paris, what was happening in the Vendee?
A royalist uprising that killed 200 people
D
To reduce panic at the end of Aug 92, what two things did Danton do and when?
30th Aug - he authorised house searches for weapons hidden by the ill disposed
2nd Sept - he launched a levee, enforcing conscription
D
How many houses were searched and how many people were imprisoned over the two days between 30th Aug-1st Sept?
All homes searched and 3,000 taken to prison
D
What three things added to the tension in Paris in the lead up to the September massacres?
- Proximity of enemy armies
- Rumours of aristocratic plots
- Fear of traitors in Paris who could massacre patriots’ families
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How many prisoners in the Parisian gaols were massacred in an orgy of blood-letting?
1000-1500
D
When did the first attack during the September massacres begin and who led it?
2 September led by federes
D
Who did the federes attack first during the September massacres?
Refactory priests being taken to or held in prison
D
Over the days of the September massacre, which groups of people were massacred? 6 groups
- Refactory priests
- Political prisoners
- Ordinary criminals (including women and children in a reform-prison)
- Monks
- Nuns
- Priests
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Who largely carried out the attacks during the September massacres?
The sans-culottes
D
Which institution encouraged attacks during the September massacres?
Insurrectionary Commune (former Paris commmune) D
Two outcomes of the attacks that took place in the provinces?
- Fears abroad of the dangers of popular revolution were confirmed
- The Girondins blamed Jacobins for inciting the massacres, furthering the split
D
The popularity of which two individuals increased during the September massacres and why?
- Danton, who allowed the attacks to escalate
2. Robespierre, who encouraged it
What was the violent response that some provinces took during the September massacres?
Prisoners were impaled on spikes and clubbed to death
D
What event coincided with the beginning of the September massacres on 2nd Sept?
The second stage of the elections for a new National Convention
D
What was different about the second stage of the elections for a new National Convention?
All adult male citizens were given the right to vote for the first time
D
What propaganda did the Girondins spread and how, at the beginning of the second stage of elections/September massacres?
That there was a need for a return to stability under their leadership, through their widely read newspapers
D
Who was the voter’s first choice in Paris?
Who was also voted in?
Robespierre
Marat, Danton and Desmoulins
D
What impact did the widening of the electorate have on the elections to the National Convention?
Little because voter turnout was low
D
Who were the Montagnards?
Jacobin deputies in the NC who supported Robespierre
D
Who was the Plain?
The majority of deputies in the National Convention who weren’t committed to extreme radicalism or excessive moderation
D
Which two groups made up the National Convention?
- The Montagnards
- The Plain
D
Which types of people made up the Plain and why?
Judges, lawyers, doctors
They prospered in the ‘new’ France and didn’t want extremism to return
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