The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789-1792 - NEEDED FOR EXAM

Question 1

Who were the sans-culottes?

Answer 1

Working-class radical left-wing supporters

Question 2

Which two prominent figures did the sans-culottes support?

Answer 2

1. Marat

2. Danton

Question 3

Which two locations did the sans-culottes meet in and when?

Answer 3

The Cordeliers Club pre-1792

The Paris sections post-1792

Question 4

What imbalance could be detrimental to the sans-culottes?

Answer 4

An imbalance between wages and the cost of living - the difference between acceptable existence and destitution. bread prices

Question 5

What colours/patterns were the sans-culottes clothes?

Answer 5

Striped and red/white and blue for the tricolore cockade

Question 6

What were the Parisian sections?

Answer 6

A basic unit of the municipal government in France

Question 7

How many sections of Paris were there and what were they known for?

Answer 7

48 sections were divisions of the Commune, known for their militancy

Question 8

Which group dominated many assemblies of the sections?

Answer 8

The sans-culottes

Question 9

What happened between July 17921-Sept 1793?

Answer 9

The sans-culottes went into permanent session as a result of the war crisis and met continuously

Question 10

How were most of the revolutionary journees organised?

Answer 10

Through the sections with the sans-culottes

Question 11

When was the journee of June 1792 and why was it that particular date?

Answer 11

20 June 1792 as it was the anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath

Question 12

How did the journee of the 20th June 92 begin?

Answer 12

8,000 sans-culottes and some National Guards marched to the Tuileries

Question 13

What did the sans-culottes demand in the journee of 20th June 92

Answer 13

That Louis withdraw his vetoes and reinstate pro-war ministers

Question 14

How did Louis respond to the journee of 20th June 92?

Answer 14

He opened his doors to the crowds, appeared in person and placed a bonnet rouge on his head, and toasted the nation

Question 15

How did the crowd respond to Louis on the journee of 20th June 92?

Answer 15

They were satisfied despite him making no promises in response to their questions and then withdrew

Question 16

How did the moderates react to the journee of 20th June 92?

Answer 16

They found it unsettling so Lafayette visited the Assembly

Question 17

After the journee of 20th June 92, when did Lafayette visit the Assembly and what did he want?

Answer 17

28th of June 92 and he demanded action against the protestors

Question 18

What news on 2 July 92 justified the sans-culottes’ demands on the journee of 20th June?

Answer 18

News that the Army of the North was in retreat

Question 19

On July 11 92, what decree was issued and why?

Answer 19

The decree la patrie en danger (the fatherland in danger) in response to French reverses in the war

Question 20

What did the decree la patrie en danger call on?

Answer 20

That all men should support the war effort in a spirit of self-sacrifice

Question 21

What did Robespierre do in the Assembly in July 92?

Answer 21

Give a speech that France should become a republic

Question 22

Which three groups of people supported Robespierre’s speech about France as a republic?

Answer 22

The Paris Commune, the Paris sections and left-wing radicals

Question 23

What did Robespierre’s July speech argue?

Answer 23

That there should be elections to a National Convention that both active and passive citizens would have a vote in

Question 24

What manifesto arrived on August 1 ‘92 and who wrote it?

Answer 24

The Brunswick Manifesto written by the Duke of Brunswick

Question 25

What two things did the Brunswick Manifesto say?

Answer 25

1. That any National Guardsmen captured by Austrians would be killed 2. Paris would suffer if any harm came to the King (Louis)

Question 26

What did the Brunswick Manifesto do?

Answer 26

Add fuel to the arguments of those who wanted to get rid of the monarchy

Question 27

Throughout July 92, which group of people were increasingly arriving in Paris?

Answer 27

The federes

Question 28

What did the federes do and what effect did this have in Paris?

Answer 28

Add tension to Paris by parading around Paris singing their patriotic republicanism song

Question 29

What happened on the 10 August 1792?

Answer 29

A second sans-culottes march to the Tuileries Palace

Question 30

How many sans-culottes and federes marched on 10 August 92?

Answer 30

20,000 sans-culottes and 2000 federes

Question 31

Who else accompanied the federes and sans-culottes marching on the Tuileries Palace on the journee of 10 Aug 92?

Answer 31

The National Guards from more revolutionary Paris sections

Question 32

How did the King react to the journee of 10 Aug 92?

Answer 32

Louis XVI was advised to seek sanctuary in the Assembly

Question 33

Who defended the Tuileries Palace on the journee of 10 Aug 92? 3 groups

Answer 33

1. National Guard loyal to the monarch 2. Some gendarmes and 'gentlemen-at-arms' 3. Swiss Guards

Question 34

How many men were there defending Tuileries on the journee of 10 Aug 92? How many of them were Swiss Guards

Answer 34

2,000-3,000 men, with 700-800 Swiss Guards

Question 35

What did many of the National Guard do on the journee of 10 Aug 92?

Answer 35

Defected

Question 36

How many sans-culottes and federes were killed/wounded in the journee of 10 Aug 92?

Answer 36

1,000

Question 37

How many of the Swiss Guard and gentlemen-at-arms were killed during the August journee?

Answer 37

Nearly all of them

Question 38

In the events following the journee of 10 Aug 92, what did the Paris Commune do regarding the king?

Answer 38

Removed the King and royal family to the Temple prison but didn't proclaim to depose him or establish a republic

Question 39

What did the Paris Commune declare Louis XVI as after the August journee?

Answer 39

Temporarily suspended

Question 40

What decree did the Paris Commune issue after the August journee?

Answer 40

One that ended the distinction between active and passive citizens but rejected Robespierre's demand to abandon the two-tier voting system

Question 41

What Convention did the Paris Commune promise after the August journee?

Answer 41

One elected by all men over 25 years

Question 42

When was the Paris Commune originally set up and why?

Answer 42

1789 as an illegal municipal council when the King was threatening Paris with troops

Question 43

When did the Paris Commune become an elected body?

Answer 43

1790

Question 44

How many delegates were there in the Paris Commune and how were they decided?

Answer 44

144 chosen by the active citizens of the 48 sections

Question 45

Between July 1789-September 1791, what group were the majority of the Paris Commune from?

Answer 45

Mainly Feuillants

Question 46

Between September 1791-August 1792, what group were the majority of the Paris Commune from?

Answer 46

Mainly Girondins

Question 47

After the sans-culotte journee of 10 August 92, what was the Paris Commune replaced by and who made it up?

Answer 47

A new insurrectionary Commune with a Jacobin majority

Question 48

From Nov 1792, who headed the insurrectionary Commune (former PAris Commune)

Answer 48

Chaumette and Herbert

Question 49

Who did the sans-culottes' favour and what happened to him in the aftermath of the August journee?

Answer 49

Danton who was made Minister of Justice

Question 50

When Danton was made Minister of Justice, what did he establish?

Answer 50

A committee of ministers to take executive power until new elections could be held

Question 51

What was announced regarding laws after the August journee?

Answer 51

That all laws on which the King had used his suspensory veto would immediately come into force

Question 52

What tribunal was set up after the August journee and when?

Answer 52

A tribunal with juries and judges elected by the sections to prosecute traitors on 17 August

Question 53

To reduce agitation among peasants, what did the Assembly do?

Answer 53

All compensation to former seigneurs was cancelled

Question 54

How did Lafayette react to the events following the August journee?

Answer 54

He made a bid to march on Paris to restore the constitution but failed to attract support so fled France

Question 55

When did Lafayette defect to the Austrians?

Answer 55

19th August 92

Question 56

What two pieces of news about the war in 1792 reached Paris and when?

Answer 56

25th August 92 - Longwy had fallen to Austria two days previously 1st Sept - Verdun was under siege, suggesting that the Duke of Brunswick was only a couple of weeks away

Question 57

At the same time as the threat of the Austrians reaching Paris, what was happening in the Vendee?

Answer 57

A royalist uprising that killed 200 people

Question 58

To reduce panic at the end of Aug 92, what two things did Danton do and when?

Answer 58

30th Aug - he authorised house searches for weapons hidden by the ill disposed 2nd Sept - he launched a levee, enforcing conscription

Question 59

What three things added to the tension in Paris in the lead up to the September massacres?

Answer 59

1. Proximity of enemy armies 2. Rumours of aristocratic plots 3. Fear of traitors in Paris who could massacre patriots' families

Question 60

How many prisoners in the Parisian gaols were massacred in an orgy of blood-letting?

Answer 60

1000-1500

Question 61

When did the first attack during the September massacres begin and who led it?

Answer 61

2 September led by federes

Question 62

Who did the federes attack first during the September massacres?

Answer 62

Refactory priests being taken to or held in prison

Question 63

Over the days of the September massacre, which groups of people were massacred? 6 groups

Answer 63

1. Refactory priests 2. Political prisoners 3. Ordinary criminals (including women and children in a reform-prison) 4. Monks 5. Nuns 6. Priests

Question 64

Who largely carried out the attacks during the September massacres?

Answer 64

The sans-culottes

Question 65

Which two institutions encouraged attacks during the September massacres?

Answer 65

1. Commune | 2. National Guard

Question 66

What did Marat publish and when that added fuel to the September massacres?

Answer 66

An article suggesting traitors should be killed on 19 August

Question 67

Three outcomes of the attacks that took place in the provinces?

Answer 67

1. Fears abroad of the dangers of popular revolution were confirmed 2. The Girondins blamed Jacobins for inciting the massacres, furthering the split 3. Power of the Assembly and authorities were shown to be weak

Question 68

The popularity of which two individuals increased during the September massacres and why?

Answer 68

1. Danton, who allowed the attacks to escalate) | 2. Robespierre, who encouraged it

Question 69

What was set up in some provinces in France during the September massacres?

Answer 69

A tribunal that allowed prisoners to respond to questioning before a verdict was passed

Question 70

What was the violent response that some provinces took during the September massacres?

Answer 70

Prisoners were impaled on spikes and clubbed to death

Question 71

What event coincided with the beginning of the September massacres on 2nd Sept?

Answer 71

The second stage of the elections for a new National Convention

Question 72

What was different about the second stage of the elections for a new National Convention?

Answer 72

All adult male citizens were given the right to vote for the first time

Question 73

What propaganda did the Girondins spread and how, at the beginning of the second stage of elections/September massacres?

Answer 73

That there was a need for a return to stability under their leadership, through their widely read newspapers

Question 74

Who wasn't elected in Paris and why?

Answer 74

The Girondins because of their hostility towards the Commune and the actions of the sans-culottes

Question 75

Who was the voter's first choice in Paris? Who was also voted in?

Answer 75

Robespierre Marat, Danton and Desmoulins

Question 76

What impact did the widening of the electorate have on the elections to the National Convention?

Answer 76

Little because voter turnout was low

Question 77

Outside of Paris, what sort of men were elected to the National Convention?

Answer 77

The same sort of men that were chosen in 1791 by active citizens

Question 78

Who were the Montagnards?

Answer 78

Jacobin deputies in the NC who supported Robespierre

Question 79

Who was the Plain?

Answer 79

The majority of deputies in the National Convention who weren't committed to extreme radicalism or excessive moderation

Question 80

Which two groups made up the National Convention?

Answer 80

1. The Montagnards | 2. The Plain

Question 81

Which types of people made up the Plain and why?

Answer 81

Officials, judges, National Guard officers, lawyers, doctors and large land-owners/farmer They prospered in the 'new' France and didn't want extremism to return

Question 82

What two events happened on the 20th September?

Answer 82

The New Convention opened and the French army won against the Austro-Prussian forces at Valmy

Question 83

What impact did the French victory at Valmy have?

Answer 83

Gave the National Convention an air of optimism