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French rev > The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789-1792 - NEEDED FOR EXAM > Flashcards

The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789-1792 - NEEDED FOR EXAM Flashcards

The sans-culottes and the collapse of the constitutional experiment Chapter 8 Waller

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1
Q

Who were the sans-culottes?

A

Working-class radical left-wing supporters

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2
Q

Which two prominent figures did the sans-culottes support?

A
  1. Marat

2. Danton

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3
Q

Which two locations did the sans-culottes meet in and when?

A

The Cordeliers Club pre-1792

The Paris sections post-1792

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4
Q

What imbalance could be detrimental to the sans-culottes?

A

An imbalance between wages and the cost of living - the difference between acceptable existence and destitution. bread prices

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5
Q

What colours/patterns were the sans-culottes clothes?

A

Striped and red/white and blue for the tricolore cockade

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6
Q

What were the Parisian sections?

A

A basic unit of the municipal government in France

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7
Q

How many sections of Paris were there and what were they known for?

A

48 sections were divisions of the Commune, known for their militancy

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8
Q

Which group dominated many assemblies of the sections?

A

The sans-culottes

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9
Q

What happened between July 17921-Sept 1793?

A

The sans-culottes went into permanent session as a result of the war crisis and met continuously

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10
Q

How were most of the revolutionary journees organised?

A

Through the sections with the sans-culottes

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11
Q

When was the journee of June 1792 and why was it that particular date?

A

20 June 1792 as it was the anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath

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12
Q

How did the journee of the 20th June 92 begin?

A

8,000 sans-culottes and some National Guards marched to the Tuileries

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13
Q

What did the sans-culottes demand in the journee of 20th June 92

A

That Louis withdraw his vetoes and reinstate pro-war ministers

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14
Q

How did Louis respond to the journee of 20th June 92?

A

He opened his doors to the crowds, appeared in person and placed a bonnet rouge on his head, and toasted the nation

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15
Q

How did the crowd respond to Louis on the journee of 20th June 92?

A

They were satisfied despite him making no promises in response to their questions and then withdrew

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16
Q

How did the moderates react to the journee of 20th June 92?

A

They found it unsettling so Lafayette visited the Assembly

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17
Q

After the journee of 20th June 92, when did Lafayette visit the Assembly and what did he want?

A

28th of June 92 and he demanded action against the protestors

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18
Q

What news on 2 July 92 justified the sans-culottes’ demands on the journee of 20th June?

A

News that the Army of the North was in retreat

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19
Q

On July 11 92, what decree was issued and why?

A

The decree la patrie en danger (the fatherland in danger) in response to French reverses in the war

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20
Q

What did the decree la patrie en danger call on?

A

That all men should support the war effort in a spirit of self-sacrifice

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21
Q

What did Robespierre do in the Assembly in July 92?

A

Give a speech that France should become a republic

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22
Q

Which three groups of people supported Robespierre’s speech about France as a republic?

A

The Paris Commune, the Paris sections and left-wing radicals

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23
Q

What did Robespierre’s July speech argue?

A

That there should be elections to a National Convention that both active and passive citizens would have a vote in

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24
Q

What manifesto arrived on August 1 ‘92 and who wrote it?

A

The Brunswick Manifesto written by the Duke of Brunswick

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25
Q

What two things did the Brunswick Manifesto say?

A
  1. That any National Guardsmen captured by Austrians would be killed
  2. Paris would suffer if any harm came to the King (Louis)
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26
Q

What did the Brunswick Manifesto do?

A

Add fuel to the arguments of those who wanted to get rid of the monarchy

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27
Q

Throughout July 92, which group of people were increasingly arriving in Paris?

A

The federes

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28
Q

What did the federes do and what effect did this have in Paris?

A

Add tension to Paris by parading around Paris singing their patriotic republicanism song

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29
Q

What happened on the 10 August 1792?

A

A second sans-culottes march to the Tuileries Palace

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30
Q

How many sans-culottes and federes marched on 10 August 92?

A

20,000 sans-culottes and 2000 federes

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31
Q

Who else accompanied the federes and sans-culottes marching on the Tuileries Palace on the journee of 10 Aug 92?

A

The National Guards from more revolutionary Paris sections

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32
Q

How did the King react to the journee of 10 Aug 92?

A

Louis XVI was advised to seek sanctuary in the Assembly

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33
Q

Who defended the Tuileries Palace on the journee of 10 Aug 92? 3 groups

A
  1. National Guard loyal to the monarch
  2. Some gendarmes and ‘gentlemen-at-arms’
  3. Swiss Guards
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34
Q

How many men were there defending Tuileries on the journee of 10 Aug 92? How many of them were Swiss Guards

A

2,000-3,000 men, with 700-800 Swiss Guards

35
Q

What did many of the National Guard do on the journee of 10 Aug 92?

A

Defected

36
Q

How many sans-culottes and federes were killed/wounded in the journee of 10 Aug 92?

A

1,000

37
Q

How many of the Swiss Guard and gentlemen-at-arms were killed during the August journee?

A

Nearly all of them

38
Q

In the events following the journee of 10 Aug 92, what did the Paris Commune do regarding the king?

A

Removed the King and royal family to the Temple prison but didn’t proclaim to depose him or establish a republic

39
Q

What did the Paris Commune declare Louis XVI as after the August journee?

A

Temporarily suspended

40
Q

What decree did the Paris Commune issue after the August journee?

A

One that ended the distinction between active and passive citizens but rejected Robespierre’s demand to abandon the two-tier voting system

41
Q

What Convention did the Paris Commune promise after the August journee?

A

One elected by all men over 25 years

42
Q

When was the Paris Commune originally set up and why?

A

1789 as an illegal municipal council when the King was threatening Paris with troops

43
Q

When did the Paris Commune become an elected body?

A

1790

44
Q

How many delegates were there in the Paris Commune and how were they decided?

A

144 chosen by the active citizens of the 48 sections

45
Q

Between July 1789-September 1791, what group were the majority of the Paris Commune from?

A

Mainly Feuillants

46
Q

Between September 1791-August 1792, what group were the majority of the Paris Commune from?

A

Mainly Girondins

47
Q

After the sans-culotte journee of 10 August 92, what was the Paris Commune replaced by and who made it up?

A

A new insurrectionary Commune with a Jacobin majority

48
Q

From Nov 1792, who headed the insurrectionary Commune (former PAris Commune)

A

Chaumette and Herbert

49
Q

Who did the sans-culottes’ favour and what happened to him in the aftermath of the August journee?

A

Danton who was made Minister of Justice

50
Q

When Danton was made Minister of Justice, what did he establish?

A

A committee of ministers to take executive power until new elections could be held

51
Q

What was announced regarding laws after the August journee?

A

That all laws on which the King had used his suspensory veto would immediately come into force

52
Q

What tribunal was set up after the August journee and when?

A

A tribunal with juries and judges elected by the sections to prosecute traitors on 17 August

53
Q

To reduce agitation among peasants, what did the Assembly do?

A

All compensation to former seigneurs was cancelled

54
Q

How did Lafayette react to the events following the August journee?

A

He made a bid to march on Paris to restore the constitution but failed to attract support so fled France

55
Q

When did Lafayette defect to the Austrians?

A

19th August 92

56
Q

What two pieces of news about the war in 1792 reached Paris and when?

A

25th August 92 - Longwy had fallen to Austria two days previously
1st Sept - Verdun was under siege, suggesting that the Duke of Brunswick was only a couple of weeks away

57
Q

At the same time as the threat of the Austrians reaching Paris, what was happening in the Vendee?

A

A royalist uprising that killed 200 people

58
Q

To reduce panic at the end of Aug 92, what two things did Danton do and when?

A

30th Aug - he authorised house searches for weapons hidden by the ill disposed
2nd Sept - he launched a levee, enforcing conscription

59
Q

What three things added to the tension in Paris in the lead up to the September massacres?

A
  1. Proximity of enemy armies
  2. Rumours of aristocratic plots
  3. Fear of traitors in Paris who could massacre patriots’ families
60
Q

How many prisoners in the Parisian gaols were massacred in an orgy of blood-letting?

A

1000-1500

61
Q

When did the first attack during the September massacres begin and who led it?

A

2 September led by federes

62
Q

Who did the federes attack first during the September massacres?

A

Refactory priests being taken to or held in prison

63
Q

Over the days of the September massacre, which groups of people were massacred? 6 groups

A
  1. Refactory priests
  2. Political prisoners
  3. Ordinary criminals (including women and children in a reform-prison)
  4. Monks
  5. Nuns
  6. Priests
64
Q

Who largely carried out the attacks during the September massacres?

A

The sans-culottes

65
Q

Which two institutions encouraged attacks during the September massacres?

A
  1. Commune

2. National Guard

66
Q

What did Marat publish and when that added fuel to the September massacres?

A

An article suggesting traitors should be killed on 19 August

67
Q

Three outcomes of the attacks that took place in the provinces?

A
  1. Fears abroad of the dangers of popular revolution were confirmed
  2. The Girondins blamed Jacobins for inciting the massacres, furthering the split
  3. Power of the Assembly and authorities were shown to be weak
68
Q

The popularity of which two individuals increased during the September massacres and why?

A
  1. Danton, who allowed the attacks to escalate)

2. Robespierre, who encouraged it

69
Q

What was set up in some provinces in France during the September massacres?

A

A tribunal that allowed prisoners to respond to questioning before a verdict was passed

70
Q

What was the violent response that some provinces took during the September massacres?

A

Prisoners were impaled on spikes and clubbed to death

71
Q

What event coincided with the beginning of the September massacres on 2nd Sept?

A

The second stage of the elections for a new National Convention

72
Q

What was different about the second stage of the elections for a new National Convention?

A

All adult male citizens were given the right to vote for the first time

73
Q

What propaganda did the Girondins spread and how, at the beginning of the second stage of elections/September massacres?

A

That there was a need for a return to stability under their leadership, through their widely read newspapers

74
Q

Who wasn’t elected in Paris and why?

A

The Girondins because of their hostility towards the Commune and the actions of the sans-culottes

75
Q

Who was the voter’s first choice in Paris?

Who was also voted in?

A

Robespierre

Marat, Danton and Desmoulins

76
Q

What impact did the widening of the electorate have on the elections to the National Convention?

A

Little because voter turnout was low

77
Q

Outside of Paris, what sort of men were elected to the National Convention?

A

The same sort of men that were chosen in 1791 by active citizens

78
Q

Who were the Montagnards?

A

Jacobin deputies in the NC who supported Robespierre

79
Q

Who was the Plain?

A

The majority of deputies in the National Convention who weren’t committed to extreme radicalism or excessive moderation

80
Q

Which two groups made up the National Convention?

A
  1. The Montagnards

2. The Plain

81
Q

Which types of people made up the Plain and why?

A

Officials, judges, National Guard officers, lawyers, doctors and large land-owners/farmer
They prospered in the ‘new’ France and didn’t want extremism to return

82
Q

What two events happened on the 20th September?

A

The New Convention opened and the French army won against the Austro-Prussian forces at Valmy

83
Q

What impact did the French victory at Valmy have?

A

Gave the National Convention an air of optimism

French rev (2 decks)

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