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Second Year - The Gene and the Cell BS21002 > The Eukaryotic Cell Division Cycle - Lecture One > Flashcards

The Eukaryotic Cell Division Cycle - Lecture One Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

An ordered sequence of events that ensures duplication of the entire genome and equal partitioning of the two copies into genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What are the main phases of the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, M

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3
Q

What occurs during the gap phases

A

They allow time for cell growth but they also provide time for the cell to monitor the internal and external environments to ensure the conditions are suitable and preparations for S/M phase are complete

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4
Q

What occurs during S phase

A

DNA replication and replication of the chromatin proteins

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5
Q

What triggers chromosome duplication

A

The activation of S-Cdk

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6
Q

What does the activation of S-Cdk cause

A

It activates proteins that unwind the DNA and initiate its replication

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7
Q

Once a replication origin is activated what does S-Cdk inhibit

A

Proteins that are required to allow that origin to initiate DNA replication again

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8
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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9
Q

What happens during prophase

A

Within the nucleus the replicated chromosomes condense. Outside the nucleus, the mitotic spindle assembles between the two centrosomes

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10
Q

What happens in prometaphase

A

The breakdown of the nuclear envelope

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11
Q

What does the breakdown of the nuclear envelope allow

A

The chromosomes to attach to the mitotic spindle

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12
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

The chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle. The kinetochroe microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

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13
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

The sister chromatids synchronously separate to form two daughter chromosomes and each is pulled slowly towards the spindle pole it faces

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14
Q

What happens to the microtubles that has to pull the sister chromatids towards the opposite poles

A

They get shorter

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15
Q

What two processes contribute to chromosome segregation

A

The kinetochore microtubules shortening and the spindle poles moving apart

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16
Q

What happens during telophase

A

The two sets of daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles of the spindle and decondense. A new nuclear envelope reassembles

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17
Q

What occurs after telophase

A

Cytokinesis

18
Q

What begins cytokinesis

A

The contraction of the contractile ring

19
Q

What happens in cytokineses

A

The cleavage of the cytolasm

20
Q

What is the contractile ring composed of

A

Actin and myosin filaments

21
Q

What is the cell-cycle control system

A

A connected series of biochemical switches

22
Q

What are the cell-cycle control points in an eukaryotic cell

A

The start (restriction) point, G2/M checkpoint and the metaphase-anaphase checkpoint

23
Q

At which checkpoint does the cell commit to cell-cycle entry

A

The start point

24
Q

What checkpoint triggers early mitotic events

A

G2/M checkpoint

25
Q

Which checkpoint stimulates sister-chromatid separattion

A

Metaphase-anaphase chekpoint

26
Q

The expression of what can also control the cell

A

Cyclins and Cdks

27
Q

What is the function of APC/C

A

It catalyses the ubiquitylation of regulatory proteins involved in primarily in the exit from mitosis

28
Q

What specific cyclins does APC/C target

A

Securin, S-cyclins and M-cyclins

29
Q

What is the function of SCF

A

It catalyses the ubiquitylation of regulatory proteins involved in G1 control

30
Q

What is the function of CAK

A

It phosphorylates the activation sites in Cdks

31
Q

Function of Wee 1 kinase

A

It phosphorylates inhibitory sites in Cdks

32
Q

What does Wee 1 kinase primarily inhibit and when

A

Cdk1 activity before mitosis

33
Q

Function of Cdc25 phosphate

A

It removes inhibitory phosphates from Cdks

34
Q

What does Cdc25 phosphate control

A

The activation of Cdk1

35
Q

What catalyses the ubiquitylation of SCF

A

Phosphorylation of p27 by Cdk2

36
Q

What does Sic1 suppress

A

Cdk1 activity in G1

37
Q

What causes the destruction of Sic1

A

The phosphorylation of Cdk1 at the end of G1

38
Q

Function of p27

A

It suppresses G1/S-Cdk and S-Cdk activities in G1

39
Q

Function of p21

A

It suppresses G1/S-Cdk and S-Cdk activities after DNA damage

40
Q

Main mutations of cancer cells

A

Divide quickly, escape internal and external controls on division and avoid apoptosis

41
Q

One of the most important tumor suppressor proteins

A

p53

42
Q

Where does p53 normally act

A

At the G1 checkpoint where it blocks cell cycle entry in response to DNA damage and other unfavorable conditions

Second Year - The Gene and the Cell BS21002 (1 decks)

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