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MCAT Biology > The Eukaryotic Cell > Flashcards

The Eukaryotic Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Nuclear Envelope (membrane)

A
  • double phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus
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2
Q

RNA exits the nucleus through what?

A
  • nuclear pores

- DNA is trapped in the nucleus

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3
Q

What is the nucleolus

A
  • part of the nucleus where rRNA is transcribed and ribosomal subunits are assembled.
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4
Q

Describe various types of Endocytosis…

A
  • Phagocytosis (to eat)
  • Pinocytosis (to drink)
  • Receptor mediated Endocytosis
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5
Q

Describe Phagocytosis:

A

(to eat)
- cell membrane protrudes outward to envelope and engulf particulate matter.

  • binding of proteins on the particulate matter to protein receptors on the phagocytotic cell.
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6
Q

Describe Pinocytosis:

A
  • to drink
  • extracellular fluid is engulfed by small invaginations of the cell membrane.
  • nonselective process
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7
Q

Describe Receptor Mediated Endocytosis:

A
  • specific uptake of macromolecules such as hormones and nutrients.
  • ligand binds to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane and then is moved into the clathrin coated pit.
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8
Q

The reverse of endocytosis is_________?

A

Exocytosis

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9
Q

What is clathrin?

A
  • protein that forms a polymer adding structure to the underside of the coated pit.
  • absorbs ligands
  • becomes a coated vesicle
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10
Q

Describe Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • contiguous with the cell membrane and nuclear membrane in many places
  • has ribosomes attached to the cytosol side
  • synthesizes almost all proteins not used in the cytosol
    • proteins are pushed into the ER lumen as they are created, and then sent to the Golgi
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11
Q

Describe the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • site of lipid synthesis including steroids
  • also helps detoxify some drugs(pesticides, toxins, pollutants)
  • triglycerides are produced here and stored as fat droplets
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12
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus

A
  • modifies and packages proteins
  • flattened, membrane-bound sacs
  • releases protein filled vesicles or lysosomes
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13
Q

Describe Lysosomes

A
  • contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest substances taken in by endocytosis
  • come from the Golgi
  • generally interior pH of 5
  • material not degraded is ejected from cell
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14
Q

Describe Secretory Vesicles

A
  • protein filled vesicles released from Golgi to be expelled from cell.
  • may contain enzymes, growth factors, or extracellular matrix components
  • supply membrane with its integral proteins and lipids
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15
Q

What is autolysis

A
  • can occur when a lysosome ruptures releasing contents into the cytosol killing the cell.
  • useful in the formation of certain organs and tissues ( webs fingers and toes of fetus)
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16
Q

Describe Peroxisomes

A
  • production and breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide
  • vesicles in the cytosol
  • grow by incorporating lipids and proteins from the cytosol
  • inactivate toxic substances
  • regulate O2 concentration
  • play role in synthesis and breakdown of lipids
  • metabolism of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates
  • self replicate
17
Q

Desccribe the Cytoskeleton

A

Fx: cell shape, organelle movement, motility
- anchors some membrane proteins and other cellular components, moves components within the cell, moves the cell itself

  1. Intermediate filaments = mechanical strength
  2. Microtubules(tubulin) = LARGE= determine organell position and direct intracell transport
  3. Microfilaments ( actin) = small = cell shape and locomotion.
18
Q

Describe Intermediate Filaments

A
  • Mechanocal Strength
  • tough ( can survive cell death…hair, fur, nails, claw, skin)
  • controls breakdown and reassemble of nuclear envelope in Mitosis
19
Q

Describe Microtubles

A
  • Large - determine organelle position & direct intracell transport
  • flagella & cilia formation
  • spindle apparatus
  • made from tubulin
  • (-) end is anchored to MTOC (+)end grows and shrinks
20
Q

Describe Microfilaments

A
  • Actin
  • Small
  • cell Shape and Locomotion
  • contractile force in microvilli and muscle
  • squeez membrane in phagocytosis and cytokinesis.
21
Q

Microtubles are made of the protein ____?

A

Tublin

- a globular protein that can polymerise into a straight filament.

22
Q

Describe Flagella and Cilia

A
  • 9+2 ( 9 pairs plus 2 single in the center of Microtubules)
23
Q

The only cell in the in the body with flagella is _____.

A

Sperm

24
Q

In the human body ciliated cells are only found in ____ and ______.

A
  • Fallopian tube and Respiratory tract.

my balls your mouth =>cilia like Sx found in testes, and cilia in trachea

25
Q

What is Dynein

A
  • protein that makes cross bridges connecting MTs

- slides MTs past each other using ATP casing it to bend = whiplike movement

26
Q

Whats the difference between eukaryotic flagella and prokaryotic flagella?

A

Eukaryotic

  • 9+2 MT
  • whip like motion

Prokaryotic

  • single thin strand of protein Flagellin
  • Flagellin rotates
27
Q

What is the significance of the MTOC?

A
  • Microtubule Organizing Center (aka centrosome)
  • the MT grows away from the MTOC at is + end
  • GTP bound = growth
  • GDP bound = shrinkage
28
Q

Describe Basal Bodies

A
  • 9 triplets of MTs in a circle

- Anchor flagella and cilia

29
Q

What are the three types of culluar jumctions ni eularyotes?

A
  1. Tight Junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap Junctions
30
Q

Describe Tight Junctions:

A
  • Fluid Barrier around cell
  • ex: Epithelial tissue like bladder, intestines, kidney –> prevents waste from leaking
  • prevent protein movement between apical and basolateral serface.
31
Q

What the difference between basolateral and apical surface.

A

Apical- part of cell facing the lumen ofa cavity

Basolateral- the opposite side of the cell

32
Q

Describe Desmosomes

A
  • holds cells together at a single point
  • attach directly to cytoskeleton
  • normally found in tissues that experience stress( skin, intestinal epithelium)
33
Q

Describe Gap Junctions:

A
  • Tunnels between cells allowing small molecules and ions to pass through
  • In cardiac muscle , allows for spread of action potential
34
Q

Describe Mitondria

A
  • Powerhouse of the cell

- (she get it from her mamma)

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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