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MT-MLS 207 [HISTO LAB] > The Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

The Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

These are the fundamental categories of tissues found in the body.

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2
Q

What are the two subtypes of epithelial tissue?

A

Linings, Glandular

Epithelial tissue can be categorized based on its function and structure.

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3
Q

What are the two types of glandular epithelial tissue?

A

Endocrine and exocrine glands

These glands differ in how they secrete substances.

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4
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue proper?

A

Adipose tissue, reticular tissue, elastic tissue

These tissues serve various supportive and protective functions in the body.

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5
Q

What are the special types of connective tissue?

A

Bone, cartilage, blood

These types of connective tissue have specialized functions and structures.

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6
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Each type of muscle tissue has distinct structural and functional characteristics.

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7
Q

Where is skeletal muscle tissue found?

A

Attached to bones

This type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movements.

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8
Q

Where is cardiac muscle tissue found?

A

Heart

Cardiac muscle is involuntary and responsible for pumping blood.

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9
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

A

Organs (e.g. intestines)

Smooth muscle is also involuntary and helps in the movement of substances through organs.

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10
Q

What are the two main divisions of nervous tissue?

A

PNS, CNS

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) are crucial for communication within the body.

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11
Q

What is the common embryonic origin of epithelial tissue?

A

The zygote

The zygote is the fertilized egg that develops into all tissues.

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12
Q

What characterizes the structure of epithelial tissue?

A

Composed of closely aggregated polyhedral cells with very little extracellular substance

This structure allows for various functions such as protection and absorption.

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13
Q

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue? List them.

A
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Filtration
  • Secretion

Each function is associated with different types of epithelial tissue.

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14
Q

Which type of epithelial tissue is associated with protection?

A

Stratified tissue

Stratified epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells, enhancing its protective function.

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15
Q

Where does filtration occur in the body related to epithelial tissue?

A

Lungs and capillaries

Epithelial tissue in these areas facilitates the exchange of gases and nutrients.

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16
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is responsible for secretion?

A

Glandular epithelium

Glandular epithelium is specialized for producing and releasing substances such as hormones and enzymes.

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17
Q

What is the basal pole?

A

The part of a cell facing the basal membrane

The basal pole is involved in anchoring the cell to the underlying tissues.

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18
Q

What is the apical pole?

A

The part of a cell facing the space

The apical pole often interacts with the external environment or lumen.

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19
Q

What is the composition of the basal lamina?

A

Glycoproteins, collagen, and a variety of proteoglycans

The basal lamina plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and filtration.

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20
Q

Where is the basal lamina attached?

A

Directly attached to the basal pole

It provides structural support to epithelial cells.

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21
Q

What is the lamina fibroreticularis also known as?

A

Reticular lamina

It is important for the attachment of the basal lamina to connective tissue.

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22
Q

What fibers are found in the lamina fibroreticularis?

A

Collagen, reticular fibers, and fibronectin

These components contribute to the structural integrity of the basement membrane.

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23
Q

What is the function of the lamina fibroreticularis?

A

Responsible for the attachment of basal lamina to connective tissue

This function is vital for maintaining tissue organization.

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24
Q

What is the function of intercellular junctions in epithelial cells?

A

To form continuous sheets and enable communication between cells

Intercellular junctions include various types of connections that facilitate adhesion and signaling between epithelial cells.

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25
What is a zonula occludens?
A tight junction that creates a water-tight seal between adjoining cell membranes ## Footnote This modification prevents the passage of materials between cells, ensuring that all substances must pass through the cells themselves.
26
What is the primary function of zonula occludens?
To prevent the passing through of materials between cells ## Footnote This ensures that molecules must pass through both cells, maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier.
27
What does zonula adherens connect?
The actin filaments of neighboring cells ## Footnote Zonula adherens is part of the cytoskeleton and plays a crucial role in maintaining cell shape and stability.
28
What type of junction is macula adherens?
Spot desmosome ## Footnote It provides firm adhesion between cells by combining intermediate filaments.
29
What is the role of macula adherens?
To provide firm adhesion between cells ## Footnote This is achieved by linking the intermediate filaments of adjacent cells.
30
What is a nexus in epithelial cells?
A gap junction that enables adjacent cells to exchange ions and small molecules ## Footnote This type of junction is important for intercellular communication and coordination of cellular activities.
31
Fill in the blank: Zonula occludens is also known as a _______.
tight junction
32
Fill in the blank: Zonula adherens is referred to as adhering _______.
belt
33
True or False: Nexus allows the passage of large molecules between adjacent epithelial cells.
False ## Footnote Nexus or gap junctions specifically allow the exchange of ions and small molecules, not large ones.
34
1. Apical Membrane 2. Tight Junction 3. Adherens Junctions (actin filaments) 4. Desmosomes (intermediate filaments or maculs adherens) 5. Gap Junction 6. Basement membrane
35
1. Zonula occludens / closing belt / tight junction 2. Zonula adherens / adhering belt/ belt or band desmosome 3. Macula adherens/ spot desmosome
36
1. Zonula occludens / closing belt / tight junction 2. Zonula adherens / adhering belt/ belt or band desmosome 3. Macula adherens/ spot desmosome 4. Gap Junction/nexus/ communicating junction
37
What is the function of hemidesmosomes?
Help anchor the epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina ## Footnote Hemidesmosomes are specialized structures that connect epithelial cells to the basement membrane.
38
What is the length and diameter of microvilli?
1.0 um long & 0.08 um in diameter ## Footnote Microvilli are small, finger-like projections that increase the surface area of epithelial cells.
39
What is the primary function of microvilli?
Increase the surface area of the epithelium ## Footnote This increased surface area enhances absorption and secretion processes.
40
What are cilia specialized for?
Transport of fluid or mucus ## Footnote Cilia are motile structures that move in a coordinated fashion to propel substances across epithelial surfaces.
41
What is the length and diameter of cilia?
7-10 um long & 0.2 um in diameter ## Footnote Cilia are longer than microvilli and play a crucial role in moving fluids.
42
How do stereocilia differ from microvilli?
Much longer and less motile than microvilli ## Footnote Stereocilia are primarily involved in increasing the surface area for absorption.
43
What is the primary function of stereocilia?
Increase cell’s surface area ## Footnote Stereocilia are found in specific areas like the inner ear and the male reproductive tract.
44
What is the length of flagella?
50 um long ## Footnote Flagella are long, whip-like structures that enable movement in certain cells.
45
What is the function of flagella?
Propel the cell along the female genital tract ## Footnote Flagella are essential for the movement of sperm cells.
46
1. Cilia 2. Basal Granule
47
1. Stereocilia 2. Microvilli
48
1. Tall (flagellum) 2. Cytoplasm 3. Cell Membrane 4. Mitochondria 5. Nucleus
49
Identify the Basal Modification.
1. Microvilli 2. Stereocilia 3. Cilia ***
50
What does Surface Epithelium refer to?
Epithelial tissue that covers external surfaces and lines internal surfaces ## Footnote It includes both covering epithelium and lining epithelium.
51
How is Surface Epithelium categorized?
Into two categories: * Number of Cell Layers * Shape of Cells ## Footnote These categories help in classifying different types of epithelial tissue.
52
What are the two categories based on the number of cell layers?
* Simple – one layer * Stratified – two or more layers ## Footnote This classification indicates the thickness and protective function of the epithelium.
53
What are the three shapes of cells in Surface Epithelium?
* Squamous – flat-like * Cuboidal – cube-like * Columnar – tall cells rectangular in shape ## Footnote The shape of cells affects the function of the epithelial tissue.
54
What is the primary function of simple epithelium?
Absorption, secretion, and filtration ## Footnote Protection is not one of their specialties.
55
How many layers does simple epithelium consist of?
A single layer ## Footnote Simple epithelium is usually very thin.
56
What type of cells form simple squamous epithelium?
Flat cells ## Footnote Usually forms membranes.
57
Where is simple squamous epithelium typically found?
* Lines body cavities * Lines lungs and capillaries * Parietal layer of bowman’s capsule (kidneys) ## Footnote It allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration.
58
What is the primary function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion and absorption ## Footnote Common in glands and their ducts.
59
What shape do the cells of simple cuboidal epithelium resemble?
Cube-like cells
60
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium commonly located?
* Walls of kidney tubules and ducts * Covers the ovaries ## Footnote It is involved in secretion and absorption.
61
What type of cells are found in simple columnar epithelium?
Tall cells ## Footnote Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus.
62
What are the two types of simple columnar epithelium?
* Non-ciliated type * Ciliated type ## Footnote Non-ciliated type is found in the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands. Ciliated type is found in small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
63
What is the function of the ciliated type of simple columnar epithelium?
Propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action
64
What characterizes pseudostratified epithelium?
Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others ## Footnote Often looks like a double cell layer.
65
Where is pseudostratified epithelium found?
* Male’s sperm-carrying ducts * Ducts of large glands * Lines the trachea * Most of the upper respiratory tract ## Footnote It functions in secretion and cilia-mediated transport of particles.
66
What is the primary function of pseudostratified epithelium?
Secretion and cilia-mediated transport of particles
67
What is the main function of stratified epithelium?
Protection ## Footnote Stratified epithelium contains two or more cell layers and regenerates from below.
68
How is stratified epithelium classified?
Based on the shape of the cells in their most superficial layer.
69
What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?
* Keratinized type * Non-keratinized type
70
What characterizes keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Full of keratin and dead epithelial cells that have no nucleus and organelles.
71
Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium located?
Epidermis of the skin.
72
What is the function of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
73
Where is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
Moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina.
74
What is the composition of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Two or three layers of cuboidal cells.
75
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium mostly found?
Ducts of some of the larger glands.
76
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion.
77
Describe stratified columnar epithelium.
Rare, consists of at least 2 layers of columnar cells.
78
What is the location of stratified columnar epithelium?
Conjunctiva of the eye.
79
What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?
Secretion.
80
What does transitional epithelium resemble?
Both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal.
81
What are the characteristics of the surface cells in transitional epithelium?
Dome-shaped or squamous-like.
82
Where is transitional epithelium located?
Lines the ureters, bladders, and part of the urethra.
83
What is the main function of transitional epithelium?
Stretches readily and permits distension.
84
What is the primary function of glandular epithelium?
To form the functional component of organs called glands that produce substances (secretions) ## Footnote Glandular epithelium is specialized for secretion.
85
What are secretory granules?
Small membrane-bound vesicles that generally store the molecules to be secreted ## Footnote These granules are crucial for the storage and release of secretions.
86
How are glands categorized based on their secretion release?
Into two types: * Exocrine Glands * Endocrine Glands ## Footnote This classification is based on the location of secretion release.
87
What is a characteristic of exocrine glands?
They form ducts ## Footnote Exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to the outside of the body or into body cavities.
88
What defines endocrine glands?
Their secretions are excreted via blood streams ## Footnote Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
89
What are the classification criteria for exocrine glands?
Based on: * Number of cells * Duct structure * Shape of secretory units * Nature of secretory cells' secretion * Mode of secretion ## Footnote These criteria help in understanding the functional and structural diversity of exocrine glands.
90
What is the simplest type of gland composed of a single cell?
Unicellular Glands ## Footnote Unicellular glands are typically found within the epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts.
91
Where are unicellular glands primarily found?
Epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts ## Footnote These glands are involved in secretion within these systems.
92
What type of cell is a Goblet Cell?
A cup-shaped columnar cell found in the GIT ## Footnote Goblet cells are a specific type of unicellular gland that secretes mucus.
93
What are multicellular glands characterized by?
More than two cells that simultaneously secrete ## Footnote These glands are more complex than unicellular glands.
94
What are the two main parts of multicellular glands?
* Epithelium-derived duct * Secretory cells ## Footnote These components work together to facilitate secretion.
95
What are the two types of duct structures in multicellular glands?
1. Simple 2. Compound ## Footnote Simple ducts have no branching, while compound ducts are branched.
96
What is the defining characteristic of tubular secretory units?
Secretory end piece is like 'tubule' and may be straight, branched, or coiled ## Footnote Tubular units can be either simple or compound.
97
What shape do alveolar or acinar secretory units take?
Rounded shape ## Footnote Alveolar secretory units are mostly branched with secretory cells located at the rounded parts.
98
What is a tubulo-alveolar secretory unit?
A combination of both tubular and alveolar/acinar shapes ## Footnote These units are mostly branched with secretory cells located at both round and tubule parts.
99
What do mucous alveoli produce?
A viscous secretion that contains mucin ## Footnote Mucin is rich in glycoproteins and forms mucus when hydrated.
100
What is the nature of secretion produced by serous alveoli?
A thin, watery secretion that often contains enzymes ## Footnote The cytoplasm of serous cells is basophilic.
101
What type of secretory cells do mixed alveoli contain?
Both mucus and serous cells ## Footnote This type of alveoli has a combination of secretory functions.
102
What are myoepithelial cells?
Flattened, stellate cells with a fusiform nucleus that wrap around a secretory unit ## Footnote Myoepithelial cells contain actin similar to smooth muscle.
103
What is the mode of secretion in holocrine glands?
Release of secretion entails destruction of the secretory cells ## Footnote An example of a holocrine gland is the sebaceous gland.
104
In apocrine secretion, what part of the secretory cells is released?
Apical part of the secretory cells along with the secretory product ## Footnote An example of an apocrine gland is the ceruminous gland.
105
How do merocrine glands release their secretion?
By exocytosis ## Footnote Examples of merocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas.
106
What are minor structural abnormalities produced during the study of tissue sections called?
Artifacts ## Footnote Artifacts can occur due to various distortions during the preparation of tissue samples.
107
What is a Longitudinal Section (l.s.)?
Tissue cut along long direction of the organ ## Footnote This type of section provides a view of the lengthwise structure of the tissue.
108
What is a Cross Section (c.c. or x.s.)?
Tissue cut perpendicular to the length of the organ ## Footnote This section allows for examination of the tissue's internal structure across its width.
109
What is another term for Cross Section?
Transverse Section (t.s.) ## Footnote The term 'transverse section' is often used interchangeably with cross section.
110
What is an Oblique Section?
Tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal section ## Footnote Oblique sections provide a unique perspective and can reveal structures not visible in standard sections.

MT-MLS 207 [HISTO LAB] (6 decks)

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