The entire fucking book Flashcards
What is the 1992 prgramme
The Commission’s programme and timetable for implementation of the internal market. These included the elimination of physical, technical, and tax frontiers.
What is the a la carte method?
A non-uniform method of integration that would allpw member syayes to select poliiesas if from a menu
What is term accesion treaty?
The process of joining the EU.
an international agreement concluded between the EU member states and the acceding country. It defines the accession conditions of the new member state, and the subsequent adaptations and adjustments of the EU Treaty
What is acuis communautaire
A French term that refers literally to the Community patrimony. It is the cumulative body of the objectives, substantive rules, policies, and, in particular, the primary and secondary legislation and case law—all of which form part of the legal order of the EU. It includes the content of the treaties, legislation, judgments by the Court of Justice of the European Union, and international agreements. All member states are bound to comply with the acquis communautaire.
What is advocacy coalition?
A network of institutional and non-institutional actors that interact together to defend a common cause
What is agenda 2000?
An influential action programme adopted by the Commission on 15 July 1987, which set out the reforms needed for the EU to enlarge in 2004 and in 2007.
Who is altiero Spinelli?
An important federalist thinker and politician (1907–86), responsible for the influential Ventotene Manifesto of 1941 and for the European Parliament’s Draft Treaty on European Union (1984), which helped to shape the European political agenda of the late 1980s.
What is the Amsterdam treaty
Front of cardSigned in October 1997 and in force from 1 May 1999, the Treaty amended certain provisions of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the European Community treaties.
What is the Association agreement?
An agreement between the EU and a third country that creates a framework for cooperation in several policy fields such as trade, socio-economic issues, and security, as well as the creation of joint institutional structures.
What is Avis?
A French term that literally means ‘opinion’. In the context of EU enlargement, once a country has formally submitted an application for membership to the Council of the European Union, the Commission is invited to submit its so-called avis (or opinion) to the Council. In its avis, the Commission presents recommendations about the process, including any conditions for immediate accession talks.
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What is the banking union?
At the Euro area summit in June 2012, the European Council agreed to ‘break the vicious circle between banks and sovereigns’ and decided to create a banking union that would allow for centralized supervision and resolution for banks in the euro area. It is made up of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) and the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM), both of which are mandatory for all euro area member states and open to all other countries in the EU.
Whats the pont of barriers to trade?
to prevent the creation of the internal market.
What isbenchmarking in the EU?
One of the mechanisms of the open method of coordination (OMC) that allows for the comparison and adjustment of the policies of member states on the basis of common objectives.
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What is Benign Elitism?
The neo-functionalist characteristic tendency to assume the tacit support of the European peoples upon which experts and executives rely when pushing for further European integration.
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What is Benign Elitism?
The neo-functionalist characteristic tendency to assume the tacit support of the European peoples upon which experts and executives rely when pushing for further European integration.
What is meant by best practive exchange?
One of the OMC mechanisms to encourage member states to pool information, to compare themselves to one another, and to reassess policies against their relative performance.
What is bicmemal
Back of cardInvolving two chambers. Usually refers to parliaments divided into an upper and lower house
What is the black Wednsday?
Refers to 16 September 1992 when the British Conservative government was forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) after it was unable to keep the pound above its agreed lower limit in the ERM.
What is blocking minority?
Front of cardIs the number of votes needed on the EU Council to block a decision needing to be made by qualified majority voting (QMV). In the context of the new system of QMV introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, a blocking minority must be composed of at least four member states representing over 35 per cent of the EU population. See dual majority or double majority system of voting.
What is the Bolkestein Directive
Directive 2006/123/EC on Services in the Internal Market, which aims to break down barriers to trade in services across the EU. It was controversial because while some believe that it will boost European competitiveness, critics feel that it promotes social dumping.
What is the bologna process?
A series of reforms aimed to make European higher education more compatible and comparable, more competitive, and more attractive for Europeans, and for students and scholars from other continents. It was agreed in the Bologna Declaration of June 1999 by the ministers responsible for higher education in the member states.
What is a brake clause?
One of a number of clauses that have been created in order to enable the ordinary legislative procedure (OLP) to be applied to the measures for coordinating social security systems for migrant workers, judicial cooperation in criminal matters, and the establishment of common rules for certain criminal offences. The OLP is restrained by a braking mechanism: a member state may submit an appeal to the European Council if it considers that the fundamental principles of its social security system or its criminal justice system are threatened by the draft legislation being proposed.
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What is the Bretton Woods agreement?
Signed by 44 countries in July 1944, this agreement was set up to support an international monetary system of stable exchange rates. Its aim was to make national currencies convertible on current account, to encourage multilateral world trade, and to avoid disruptive devaluations and financial crashes. The Bretton Woods system itself collapsed in 1971, when President Richard Nixon severed the link between the dollar and gold. By 1973, most major world economies had allowed their currencies to float freely against the dollar.
What is the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines (BEPGs)?
The 1993 Treaty of Maastricht first introduced a system for coordinating the economic policies of EU member states. Article 121 TFEU states: ‘Member States shall regard their economic policies as a matter of common concern and shall co-ordinate them within the Council.’ The BEPGs are adopted by the Council as a reference document guiding the conduct of the whole range of economic policies in the member states. They play a central role in the system of economic policy coordination, setting out economic policy recommendations that give a basis for economic policy in both the member states and the EU as a whole in the current year, and which take into account the particular circumstances of each member state and the different degree of urgency of measures.
What is the Budget rebate (british rebate)?
The refund that the UK received on its contribution to the EU Budget, which was negotiated by UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1984. The main reason for the rebate was that a high proportion of the EU Budget was spent on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which benefited the UK much less than other countries.
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What is the budgetary deficit?
A governmental shortfall of current revenue over current expenditure.
What is buraeu-shaping
a approach that contends that public officials have preferences for the type of work that they handle, and thus they will develop individual and collective strategies to pursue these preferences. Collective bureau-shaping strategies are likely to be pursued to shape organizations by a variety of means.
What is cabotage?
In road haulage, the transport of loads that have both their origin and their destination in a foreign country.
What the Cecchini Report?
report published in 1988 in response to the European Commission’s 1985 White Paper Completing the Internal Market. The report was drafted by a group of experts, chaired by Paolo Cecchini. The report examined the benefits and costs of creating a single market in Europe. According to the report, the single market would lead to lower trade costs and greater economies of scale, as firms exploited increased opportunities; it was also expected that there would be greater production efficiency achieved through market enlargement, intensified competition, and industrial restructuring.
What are the fucntions of a central bank?
A national bank that provides services for the country’s government and commercial banking system. It manages public debt, controls the money supply, and regulates the monetary and credit system.
what is the citizens’ initiative?
One of the new democratic instruments incorporated into the Lisbon Treaty to enhance democracy and transparency in the EU. The initiative allows 1 million EU citizens to participate directly in the development of EU policies, by calling on the European Commission to make a legislative proposal. The first initiative was registered on 9 May 2012.
What is meant by the civil society?
An intermediate realm between the state and the individual or family; a particular type of political society rooted in principles of citizenship.
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What is meant by co-determination?
The process by which employees participate in company decision-making through, for example, works councils.
What is cognitive mobilization?
The ability of voters to deal with the complexities of politics and to make their own political decisions thanks to the advance of education and the information explosion through the mass media.
What is the cohesian fund?
An EU fund aimed at member states with a gross national income per inhabitant that is less than 90 per cent of the EU average. It aims to reduce their economic and social shortfall, as well as to stabilize their economies. It is now subject to the same rules of programming, management, and monitoring as the European Social Fund (ESF) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
what is a comitology procedure?
The procedure under which the European Commission executes its implementing powers delegated to it by the legislative branch—that is, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union—with the assistance of so called ‘comitology committees’ consisting of member state representatives. This delegation of power is now based on Article 290 TFEU.
What is the commitee of permanent representaives?
Committee responsible for preparing the work of the Council of the European Union. It consists of the member states’ ambassadors to the European Union (‘permanent representatives’) and is chaired by the member state that holds the EU Council presidency.
What is the Committee of the Regions (CoR)
A Committee set up by the Maastricht Treaty as an advisory body composed of nominated representatives of Europe’s regional and local authorities, to ensure that regional and local identities and interests are respected within the EU.
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what is Common Commercial Policy (CCP)
The set of principles, procedures, and rules that govern the EU’s involvement in international trade and commercial negotiations.
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What is the common external tariff?
A central element of any customs union: a set of common tariffs, agreed by all members, imposed on goods coming into the union from outside its borders.
What is the common market organization (CMO)
These were designed to manage the production and trade of most of the EU’s agricultural sector.
What is meant by comon position?
In the context of the EU’s CFSP/CSDP, common positions allow member states to define European foreign policy towards a particular third-country or on a particular issue. A common position, once agreed, is binding on all EU states.
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What is Communitarization?
The shift of policy activity from the intergovernmental pillars to the Community pillar.
What is Community method?
the European Commission’s right to initiate and execute legislation, with some exceptions;
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union as co-legislators, adopting legislation on an equal footing; and
the use of qualified majority voting in the Council.
The use of the ‘established’ process of decision-making, which involves a Commission legislative initiative being agreed by the Council, and now usually the European Parliament. It also implies that the Court of Justice of the EU will have jurisdiction over any decision taken.
What is Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)? !!
Is a free trade agreement between the EU and Canada. The objective of CETA is to increase bilateral trade and investment flows and contribute to growth through the removal of customs duties, the end of limitations in access to public contracts, the creation of predictable conditions for investors, and the prevention of illegal copying of EU innovations and traditional products, amongst other measures. The negotiations ended in August 2014 but the agreement still has to be ratified, so it is not yet binding under international law.
What is the comprehencive security actor?
Is an international actor that typically combines a wide range of means to achieve its aims of a fairer, safer world characterized by multilateralism and governed by international law. The EU has been defined as such by the European Security Strategy (ESS). See European Security Strategy.
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How does compulsory spending work?
That part of the EU’s Budget on which only the EU Council could make a decision. The Lisbon Treaty has done away with the distinction between compulsory and non-compulsory spending. In the post-Lisbon context, the European Parliament and the EU Council decide together on the whole EU Budget. The underlying principle and the amount are legally determined by the treaties, secondary legislation, conventions, international treaties, or private contracts. In addition, the Lisbon Treaty simplifies the decision-taking procedure and makes the long-term Budget plan, or financial perspectives, legally binding.
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What is the conciliation procedure?
The third stage of the ordinary legislative procedure (OLP), at which point an equal number of representatives of the Parliament and Council get together to try to work out an agreement acceptable to all. The conciliation procedure always applies if the EU Council does not approve all of the amendments of the European Parliament adopted at its second reading.
Who are the conciliation committee
?
A committee that, as part of the conciliation procedure, brings together equal numbers of representatives from the European Parliament and the EU Council to broker an inter-institutional agreement on outstanding problems with the proposed legislation. The committee has to be convened within six weeks (which may be extended by two weeks on the initiative of either institution) of the Council’s second reading. The Committee has six (or eight) weeks in which to draw up a ‘joint text’ from the date of its first meeting. Within a period of six (or eight) weeks, the joint text is submitted by the presidents of the Parliament and Council delegations for approval, without any possibility of amendment. If the conciliation committee does not reach an agreement or if the ‘joint text’ is not approved by the Parliament or the Council, the act is deemed not to have been adopted.
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what is disccused in the Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFE)?
Launched on 9 May 2021 by the European Parliament, the Commission, and the Council, the Conference on the future of Europe aims to give citizens a greater role in shaping EU policies and ambitions, improving the Union’s resilience to crises, be it economic or health-related. It will create a new public forum for an open, inclusive, transparent, and structured debate with Europeans around the issues that matter to them and affect their everyday lives.
What is a consolidated treaty?
A treaty that incorporates all of the amendments made since the original Treaty of Rome.
What is the Constitutional Treaty (CT)
Sometimes known as the ‘EU Constitution’, a treaty signed on 24 October 2004. It was not ratified due to negative referenda in France and the Netherlands in 2005.
What is constitutionalization?
The formalization of the rules of the game, which, in an EU context, might involve a process whereby the treaties become over time—de jure or only de facto—a constitution.
What is constructivism?
A theoretical approach that claims that politics is affected as much by ideas as by power. It argues that the fundamental structures of political life are social rather than material.
How does a consultation procedure work?
A special legislative procedure, under Article 289 TFEU, whereby the European Parliament is asked for its opinion on proposed legislation before the Council adopts it. The Parliament may approve or reject a legislative proposal, or propose amendments to it. The Council is not legally obliged to take account of Parliament’s opinion, but in line with the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU, it must not take a decision without having received it.
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What is the convergence criteria?
The rules that member states have to meet before they could join economic and monetary union (EMU) in 1999.
What is the cooperation procedure?
A legislative procedure introduced in the Single European Act (Article 252, ex 198c EC), which allowed the European Parliament a second reading of draft legislation. Since Amsterdam, it had been hardly used, because most policies originally falling under cooperation came under the then co-decision procedure (now ordinary legislative procedure, or OLP); the Lisbon Treaty repealed the cooperation procedure.
What is the copenhagen criteria?
The criteria that applicant states have to meet in order to join the EU. It was agreed at the Copenhagen European Council meeting in 1993.
What is cordon sanitaire?
The refusals to cooperate with other parties politically. Used in the EU to refer to shutting the far-right out of influential positions.
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What is the core Europe thought?
The idea that a small group of countries able and willing to enter into closer cooperation with one another might ‘leave behind’ the less enthusiastically integrationist members of the EU.
How does co-regulation work?
The mechanism whereby an EU legal act entrusts the attainment of the objectives defined by the legislative authority to parties that are recognized in the field, such as economic operators, the social partners, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), or associations. It is one of the modes of governance developed in the context of the Lisbon Strategy to simplify and improve regulation in the EU.
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What is corporatism?
A system of interest representation in which the constituent units are organized into a limited number of singular, compulsory, non-competitive, hierarchically ordered, and functionally differentiated categories, recognized or licensed (if not created) by the state and granted a deliberate representational monopoly within their respective categories, in exchange for observing certain controls on their selection of leaders and articulation of demands and supports.
Or….. as wikipedia says it:
the control of a state or organization by large interest groups.
What is Cosmopolitanism
The idea that citizens are ‘citizens of the world’.
Who are the Council of Europe (CoE)
A European political organization founded on 5 May 1949 by ten countries and distinct from the EU. The Council of Europe, based in Strasbourg, has 47 member countries. It seeks to develop, throughout Europe, common and democratic principles based on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and other reference texts on the protection of individuals.
What is the Court of Session in Scotland
The Court of Session is Scotland’s supreme civil court. It sits in Parliament House, Edinburgh, and is presided over by the Lord President, Scotland’s most senior judge.
What is a covered bond scheme?
Under such a scheme, bonds are issued to free up cash tied up in assets, such as mortgages, for on-lending. Covered bonds allow the issuing bank to raise funds at a lower cost. They are generally fixed-interest instruments, thus the interest rate risk for the issuing bank is known and can be suitably managed.
What is credit Boom?
The quick expansion of lending by financial institutions
What is credit Boom?
The quick expansion of lending by financial institutions
What is critical juncture?
A period of institutional flux within the historical institutionalist model of institutional development. This literature assumes a dual model characterized by relatively long periods of path-dependent institutional stability and reproduction that are punctuated occasionally by brief phases of institutional flux (the ‘critical junctures’), during which more dramatic change is possible. Junctures are critical because they place institutional arrangements on paths or trajectories that are then very difficult to alter.
what is cueing information flow?
A form of information flowing from elites to citizens to illustrate mass–elite linkages. These linkages can mainly be structured in two forms. Political elites can be instrumental in helping to determine citizens’ attitudes in a top-down approach, or elites can assume a position on European integration that reflects citizens’ views, in a bottom-up manner.
What is the custom union?
An economic association of states based on an agreement to eliminate tariffs and other obstacles to trade, and which also includes a common trade policy vis-à-vis third countries, usually by establishing a common external tariff on goods imported into the union.
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Who are the Danish People’s Party (DPP) or Dansk Folkeparti (DF)
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Front of cardThe DPP is a Danish right-wing populist and Eurosceptic party that won the 2014 European Parliament elections in Denmark with 26.6 per cent of the vote. It joined the European Conservatives and Reformists Group in the European Parliament. It received 21.1 per cent of the vote in the June 2015 Danish general election, but did not join the government as part of a coalition but rather agreed to provide tacit parliamentary support to the new Liberal Prime Minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen.
What is the Davignon Report?
A document issued by EC foreign ministers in 1970, outlining how the Community might develop its own foreign policy and setting out some initial steps to that end.
What is decoupling?
Front of cardThe divorcing of the grant of direct aid to farmers from production in the context of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).
What is deeping?
An intensification of integration processes and structures.
NOT EXPANDING
What isthe delegated act?
A new category of legal act created under the Treaty of Lisbon in which the legislator delegates the power to adopt acts amending non-essential elements of a legislative act to the Commission. Delegated acts may specify certain technical details or they may consist of a subsequent amendment to certain elements of a legislative act. The legislator can therefore concentrate on policy direction and objectives without entering into overly technical debates.
What is deliberative democracy?
A school of thought in political theory that claims that political decisions should be the product of fair and reasonable discussion and debate among citizens. In deliberation, citizens exchange arguments and consider different claims that are designed to secure the public good. Through this conversation, citizens can come to an agreement about what procedure, action, or policy will best produce the public good. Deliberation is a necessary precondition for the legitimacy of democratic political decisions.
What is deliberative intergovernmentalism
A version of contemporary EU intergovernmentalism that stresses the relevance of policy deliberation. It refers to two different dimensions regarding the analysis of intergovernmentalism; the first concerns the question of what makes intergovernmental relations dependent on deliberative processes; the second relates to the question of under what conditions we should expect policy deliberation to flourish in an intergovernmental context and what this would imply.
What is deliberative supranationalism
Deliberative supranationalism’, a term coined by Christian Joerges and Jürgen Neyer, is concerned with the interaction of democratic nation states. It is neither the successor of the nation state nor does it aim to establish a democratic polity above it. Its aim is to improve the democratic nation state by adding a supranational layer of governance which helps to correct the functional deficiencies of national governance under conditions of complex interdependence.
What is deliberative supranationalism
Deliberative supranationalism’, a term coined by Christian Joerges and Jürgen Neyer, is concerned with the interaction of democratic nation states. It is neither the successor of the nation state nor does it aim to establish a democratic polity above it. Its aim is to improve the democratic nation state by adding a supranational layer of governance which helps to correct the functional deficiencies of national governance under conditions of complex interdependence.
What is de Delors Report?
The report drafted by central bankers in 1989, which later formed the basis of the monetary union section of the Treaty on European Union. The Committee that produced the report was chaired by Jacques Delors, then Commission President.
What is democratic back sliding
This term refers to the possibility of an EU member state reneging its democratic commitments (as defined by the Copenhagen Criteria) and points to the fact that democracy cannot be simply assumed.
What is democratic deficit
The loss of democracy caused by the transfer of powers to the European institutions and to member state executives arising out of European integration. It implies that representative institutions (parliaments) lose out in this process.
What is differentiation idea?
The idea that subsets of member states might engage in European integration projects that do not involve all existing members; contrasts with the notion of the EU as a uniform Community.
What are diffuse interest group
A type of interest group that is characterized by its broad scope and lack of clear membership. These include, for example, religious, social, human rights, consumer, and environmental groups.
What is the direct effect principle
A principle of EU law by which provisions of EU law are to be enforced in national courts, and which imposes obligations on those against whom they are enforced.
What is the direct action principle
A case brought directly before the Court of Justice of the EU.
What is the directive instrument
A legislative instrument that lays down certain end results that must be achieved in every member state. National authorities have to adapt their laws to meet these goals, but are free to decide how to do so. Directives may concern one or more member states, or all of them
What is the Doha developmet round?
The latest round of trade negotiations among the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership, aiming to achieve major reform of the international trading system through the introduction of lower trade barriers and revised trade rules. The work programme covers some 20 areas of trade and its agenda is fundamentally to improve the trading prospects of developing countries.
What is meant by domestic proxy?
A representative or an agent authorized to act on behalf of others. In the political context, a national government is authorized to act on behalf of citizens.
Who are the dooge committee
A committee set up after the Fontainebleau European Council in 1984 to discuss the institutional reforms required to complete the internal market and to solve the paralysis provoked by the excessive use of unanimity in the Council. It submitted its final report to the European Council in March 1985, which identified a number of priority objectives necessary to deepen integration, such as restricting the use of unanimity in the Council, strengthening the legislative role of the European Parliament, and giving more executive power to the Commission. The Committee conclusions paved the way to the Single European Act.
What is the dual majority system
A voting system that takes into consideration the number of votes and population necessary to achieve a majority. The Treaty of Lisbon simplifies the system with a view to improving its efficiency. It abolishes the weighting of votes and establishes a dual majority system for adopting decisions. Thus a qualified majority is achieved if it covers at least 55 per cent of member states representing at least 65 per cent of the population of the EU. Where the Council does not act on a proposal from the Commission, the qualified majority should cover at least 72 per cent of member states representing at least 65 per cent of the population. The Treaty of Lisbon also provides for a blocking minority composed of at least four member states representing over 35 per cent of the EU population. This new system of qualified majority voting (QMV) applied with effect from 1 November 2014. However, until 31 March 2017, any member state could request, on a case-by-case basis, that a decision is taken in accordance with the rules in force before 1 November 2014 (that is, in accordance with the qualified majority, as defined by the Treaty of Nice).
What is the dublin regulation?
The Dublin Regulation (sometimes referred to as Dublin III) determines which EU country is responsible for examining an asylum application (see Dublin system).
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What is the Dublin Sytem
The EU agreement which helps identify which country is responsible for processing the asylum application of a non-EU or stateless person. Introduced in the early 1990s, the basic principle of the Dublin system was that the country of first arrival for an asylum applicant would be the member state in which they made their claim for refugee status and that any decision would be valid for the whole EU. This would prevent applications being made in more than one member state. Member states’ disagreement over forms of solidarity that would involve relocating asylum seekers required reforming the system. Thus it was replaced by the Dublin II Regulation in 2003; that Regulation was in turn replaced by the Dublin III Regulation in 2013. The Commission proposed a new Regulation in 2016, but it has not been agreed yet (see also Dublin Regulation).
What is the economic and monetary union (EMU)?
A form of integration that combines the features of the economic union (which implies the existence of a single market, but also a high degree of coordination of the most important areas of economic policy and market regulation, as well as monetary policies and income redistribution policies) and the monetary union, which implies further integration in the area of currency cooperation. The process involves three stages and the fulfilment of the so-called ‘convergence criteria’ by all participating countries.
What is the economic union?
A form of integration that implies the existence of a single market (and therefore free movement of goods, services, labour, and capital among the participating states and common rules, tariffs, and so on, vis-à-vis third countries), but also a high degree of coordination of the most important areas of economic policy and market regulation, as well as monetary policies and income redistribution policies.
how does elite pluralism work?
A system of interest mediation in which access to the EU consultative institutions is open, but competitive, resulting in biased access patterns.
What is elite socialization?
Closely related to the neo-functionalist idea of political spillover, this theory posits that European integration promotes shifts of loyalty among civil servants and other elite actors; thus members of the European Parliament (MEPs) will tend to become more European in their outlook, although this may be disputed empirically.
What is Embedded liberalism
A term introduced by John Ruggie to describe the policy orientation of the interwar international economic order and to explain the social conditions upon which it rested. This order was based on two doctrines: the first is that states should cooperate in devising and implementing international economic institutions to facilitate international market integration and to preserve international economic stability; the second is that states should retain sufficient autonomy to pursue economic and social objectives domestically.
What is the ‘empty chair’ crisis?
The crisis that affected the European Community after July 1965 when France boycotted the meetings of the Council in opposition to Commission proposals addressing the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). France insisted on a political agreement that would clarify the role of the Commission and majority voting if it were to participate again. This crisis was resolved in the Luxembourg Compromise in January 1966.
How does enforcement work?
The process of ensuring that EU rules are implemented. It may involve taking action in the Court of Justice of the EU.
What is engrenage?
The enmeshing of EU elites, which may arise out of a process of socialization in Brussels.
What is the enhanced cooperation procedure?
Initially established by the Amsterdam Treaty as ‘closer cooperation’ and renamed ‘enhanced cooperation’ by the Lisbon Treaty, a procedure that allows groups of member states that wish to integrate further than provided for in the treaties to do so, with the exception of areas of exclusive Union competence. The Commission will assess the request and it may submit a proposal to the Council in this respect. If the Commission decides not to present a proposal, it will explain its reasons to the member states concerned.
What is the Environmental Action Programme (EAP)?
Since 1973, a document defining the future orientation of EU policy in the environmental field and suggesting specific proposals that the Commission intends to put forward over the coming years.
What is a epistemic community?
A network of knowledge-based experts or groups with an authoritative claim to policy-relevant knowledge within the domain of their expertise
What is the euro bond?
A government bond issued in euros jointly by all of the euro area member states. This is a debt investment whereby an investor loans a certain amount of money, for a certain amount of time, with a certain interest rate, to the eurozone as a whole, which then forwards the money to individual governments. Euro bonds were suggested as an effective way in which to tackle the sovereign debt crisis, and later the COVID-19 crisis, although they remain controversial.
What is the Euro Plus Pact?
As agreed by the euro area heads of state or government, and joined by Bulgaria, Denmark, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania, this agreement further strengthens the economic pillar of economic and monetary union (EMU) and achieves a new quality of economic policy coordination, with the objective of improving competitiveness and thereby leading to a higher degree of convergence, reinforcing the EU’s social market economy. The Pact remains open for other member states to join. The Pact fully respects the integrity of the Single Market.
What is a euro summit?
Under the Fiscal Compact signed in March 2010, it was agreed that the heads of state or government would meet informally at least twice a year to discuss issues related to economic and monetary union (EMU) and to provide ‘strategic orientations for the conduct of economic policies’. Euro summits, it was further agreed, would be chaired by a president, who would be elected by simple majority for a two-and-a-half-year term of office. The new Euro Summits reign supreme over the Eurogroup.
What is Euroalternativism?
Term coined by John FitzGibbon that refers to pro European Union views that contest integration and offer alternative policies or institutional reform.
What is the Eurobarometer?
A European Commission publication and website monitoring and analysing public opinion in the member states since 1973.
Who are the Eurogroup?
An informal group comprising those member states of ECOFIN that are members of the single currency; (also) an interest group operating at the EU level, typically organized as a federation of national interest groups.
What is the Europe 2020 plan?
The EU’s growth strategy for the coming decade. It has five objectives on employment, innovation, education, social inclusion, and climate/energy to be reached by 2020. Each member state has adopted its own national targets in each of these areas. Concrete actions at EU and national levels underpin the strategy.
What is the Europe agreement?
One of the agreements that constituted the legal framework of relations between the EU and the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, adapted to the specific situation of each partner state while setting common political, economic, and commercial objectives. In the context of accession to the EU, they formed the framework for implementation of the accession process.
Who are Frontex?
Set up in 2004 to reinforce and streamline cooperation between national border authorities, Frontex has several operational areas of activity, including training, risk analysis, research, and rapid response capability via the European Border Guard Teams (EBGT). It also helps member states in joint return operations involving foreign nationals staying illegally, and provides information systems and an information-sharing environment regarding the current state of affairs at the external borders.
What is the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF)
One of the funds supporting the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The EAGGF is composed of two sections, the guidance section and the guarantee section. Within the framework of European economic and social cohesion policy, the EAGGF supports rural development and the improvement of agricultural structures.
What is the European Arrest Warrant (EAW)?
A system that replaces the lengthier extradition procedures among EU member states, simplifying the arrest and return of suspected criminals across the Union; introduced after the terrorist attacks on the USA of 11 September 2001 (‘9/11’).
What is the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom, or EAEC)>
The Euratom Treaty was signed on 25 March 1957 by six states—namely, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany—to coordinate their research programmes for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The Treaty today helps in the pooling of knowledge, infrastructure, and funding of nuclear energy. It ensures the security of atomic energy supply within the framework of a centralized monitoring system.
what is the European Central Bank (ECB)?
Established in Frankfurt in 1999, the central bank is responsible for the single monetary policy of the euro area.
What is the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)?
Established by six states in April 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, the ECSC allowed for the pooling of authority over coal and steel industries. Because it was based on a 50-year treaty, the ECSC ceased to exist on 23 July 2002.
What is the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC)?
The body responsible for standardization in the electro-technical engineering field, it prepares voluntary standards, which help to facilitate trade between countries, to create new markets, to cut compliance costs, and to support the development of a single European market.
What is the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)?
Officially created as an international non-profit association based in Brussels on 30 October 1975, CEN is a business facilitator in Europe, removing trade barriers for European industry and consumers. Its mission is to foster the European economy in global trading, and the welfare of European citizens and the environment. It provides a platform for the development of European standards and other technical specifications.
What is the European compant statute
A statute that refers to a regulatory framework aiming to create a ‘European company’ with its own legislative framework, which will allow companies incorporated in different member states to merge or to form a holding company or joint subsidiary, while avoiding the legal and practical constraints arising from the existence of different legal systems. This legislative framework also provides for the involvement of employees in European companies, giving due recognition to their place and role in the business.
What is the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)?
An international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. Drafted in 1950 by the then newly formed Council of Europe, the Convention entered into force on 3 September 1953. All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention and new members are expected to ratify the Convention at the earliest opportunity. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). See European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR).
What the european council?
A body that defines the general political direction and priorities of the EU. With the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009, it became an institution, with its own president.
What is the European Council of Economics and Finance Ministers (ECOFIN)?
Composed of the economics and finance ministers of the member states, as well as budget ministers when budgetary issues are discussed, ECOFIN meets once a month to discuss EU policy in a number of areas, including economic policy coordination, economic surveillance, monitoring of member states’ budgetary policy and public finances, the euro (legal, practical, and international aspects), financial markets and capital movements, and economic relations with third countries. ECOFIN also prepares and adopts every year, together with the European Parliament, the Budget of the European Union. See Eurogroup.
What is the European Court of Auditors (ECA)?
Established by the Treaty of Brussels of 1975, the Court carries out the audit of EU finances. Thus it assesses the collection and spending of EU funds, it examines whether financial operations have been properly recorded and disclosed, and legally and regularly executed and managed, and it assists the European Parliament and the EU Council in overseeing the implementation of the EU Budget.
What is the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)?
An international court set up in 1959, which rules on individual or state applications alleging violations of the civil and political rights set out in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Since 1998, it has sat as a full-time court and individuals can apply to it directly. See European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
Who are the European Defence Agency (EDA)?
Is an agency of the EU assisting the member states in their efforts to improve European defence capabilities in support of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the Union. The EDA was set up in 2004 and is based in Brussels.
Who are the European Defence Community (EDC)?
The first attempt by western European powers, with United States support, to counterbalance the overwhelming conventional military ascendancy of the Soviet Union in Europe by creating a European army, with the eventual involvement of German units, to be placed under a single military and political European authority. This proposal sparked fierce debate in France. Although it was accepted by most Western countries, the plan for a European Defence Community was rejected by the French National Assembly in August 1954.
Who are the European Econ)omic and Social Committee (EESC)
A tripartite advisory body composed of individual members, who are nominated by the EU member states and who represent employers, workers, and other interests, such as environmental organizations or farmers.
What is the European Economic Community (EEC)?
A body created by the 1957 Treaty of Rome, its aim being to bring about economic integration, including a common market, among its six founding members: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
What is the European Employment Strategy (EES)?
A ‘soft’ law mechanism designed to coordinate the employment policies of the EU member states. While the objectives, priorities, and targets are agreed at EU level, the national governments are fully responsible for formulating and implementing the necessary policies.
What is the European External Action Service (EEAS)?
A body formed to assist the High Representative, comprising staff from the European Commission, the General Secretariat of the Council (GSC), and the diplomatic services of EU member states
What the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF)?
A facility created by the euro area member states following the decisions taken on 9 May 2010 within the framework of ECOFIN, with a mandate to safeguard financial stability in Europe by providing financial assistance to the euro area. The EFSF is a part of the wider safety net, alongside the European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM). The EFSM and the EFSF can be activated only after a request for financial assistance has been made by the concerned member state and a macroeconomic adjustment programme, incorporating strict conditionality, has been agreed with the Commission, in liaison with the European Central Bank (ECB).
What is the European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM)?
This mechanism provides financial assistance to EU member states in financial difficulties. The EFSM reproduces for the EU27 the basic mechanics of the existing balance-of-payments regulation for non-euro area member states. The EFSM is a part of the wider safety net alongside the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF). The EFSM and the EFSF can be activated only after a request for financial assistance has been made by the concerned member state and a macroeconomic adjustment programme, incorporating strict conditionality, has been agreed with the Commission, in liaison with the European Central Bank (ECB).
Privacy Policy
What is the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)?
An international organization set up in 1960 to promote free trade among its members. Most of its original members have since joined the European Union.
What is the European Globalization Adjustment Fund (EGF)?
A financial tool aiming towards the effective re-entry into the labour market of those workers who have lost their jobs. The EGF provides individual support for a limited period of time to workers who are affected by trade-adjustment redundancies. All member states can apply for support according to specific criteria.
What is the European Investment Bank (EIB)?
Created by the Treaty of Rome in 1958 as the long-term lending bank of the EU, its task is to contribute towards the integration, balanced development, and economic and social cohesion of the EU member states.
What is the European Monetary System (EMS)?
A regulated exchange rate system established in the EC in 1979 after failures to set up economic and monetary union earlier in the decade, the EMS aimed to promote monetary cooperation and exchange rate stability.
What is the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)?
Developed in 2004 by the European Commission to frame the bilateral policy between the EU and each partner country, the policy aims to avoid the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours, and to strengthen prosperity, stability, and security.
Who is the European Ombudsman?
An independent body that investigates complaints about maladministration in the institutions and agencies of the European Union.
With who has the eu a European partnership?
Within the framework of the stabilization and association process with the countries of the Western Balkans, the European Union has set up such partnerships with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia, including Kosovo, as defined by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 of 10 June 1999. The partnership establishes a framework of priority action and a financial structure to improve the stability and prosperity of the country, with a view to greater integration with the EU, because the state is recognized as a potential candidate for membership.
Who is Europol?
The European law enforcement agency, which aims to make Europe safer by assisting EU member states in their fight against serious international crime and terrorism.
What is the European Political Community (EPC)?
The idea of a European Political Community was developed in parallel with negotiations on the shape of the European Defence Community (EDC). The original Six sought to develop a political statute affording leadership and democratic control over the future European army. With a clear federalist goal, the plan proposed the establishment of a bicameral parliament, comprising a Chamber of the Peoples elected by direct universal suffrage, and a European Senate appointed by the national parliaments. It also proposed the establishment of an Executive Council, which would effectively be the government of the Community, a Court of Justice and an Economic and Social Council. The refusal of the French National Assembly on 30 August 1954 to ratify the Treaty establishing the EDC led to the plan for a European Political Community being abandoned. See European Defence Community (EDC).
What is the European political cooperation (EPC)?
A form of foreign policy cooperation prior to Maastricht, set up after 1970 and formalized by the Single European Act.
What is the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
A fund that aims to strengthen economic and social cohesion in the EU by correcting imbalances between its regions. The ERDF finances: direct aid to investments in companies (in particular small and medium-sized enterprises, or SMEs) to create sustainable jobs; infrastructures linked notably to research and innovation, telecommunications, environment, energy, and transport; financial instruments to support regional and local development, and to foster cooperation between towns and regions; and technical assistance measures. The ERDF can intervene in the three objectives of regional policy—namely, convergence, regional competitiveness and employment, and European territorial cooperation.
What is the European Securities Markets Programme?
One of the programmes of the European Central Bank (ECB) that correspond to the strategies that it pursues on a temporary basis to deal with specific monetary problems, often concerned with liquidity shortages in the inter-banking market and their negative impact on the transmission of monetary policy. Through the SMP, the ECB purchases government bonds, in secondary markets, in order to provide liquidity to alleviate pressures from sovereign debt risk.
What is the European Security Strategy (ESS)?
Is a comprehensive document that analyses and defines the EU’s security environment, identifying key security challenges and subsequent political implications for the EU. It was adopted by the European Council on 12–13 December 2003.
What is a European Semester?
A cycle of economic policy coordination, this is an additional instrument for the EU’s preventive surveillance of the economic and fiscal policies of its member states. The main new aspect is that the enforcement of economic policy coordination is now extended right through to the budgetary process of every member state. The European semester is based on a coordination process lasting several months, with fixed calendar deadlines.
What is the European Social Dialogue?
A joint consultation procedure involving social partners at EU level, aiming to discuss and negotiate agreements where relevant.
What is the European Social Fund (ESF)?
Set up in 1957, a fund that aims to sustain and improve mobility in the European labour market through education and requalification initiatives for workers in areas experiencing industrial decline.
What is the European Stability Mechanism (ESM)?
A permanent rescue funding programme to succeed the temporary European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and European Financial Stabilization Mechanism. The European Stability Mechanism (ESM) came into force on 8 October 2012, following an amendment to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and the signing of an ESM Treaty by the euro area countries.
What is the European System of Central Banks (ESCB)?
A system that brings together the national central banks, together with the European Central Bank (ECB).
What is the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
Recognized as an official European standards organization by the EU, a body that produces globally applicable standards for information and communications technology (ICT).
What is the European Transparency Initiative (ETI)
Launched by the European Commission in 2005, the ETI aimed to increase the financial accountability of EU funding, strengthen the personal integrity and independence of the EU institutions, and impose stricter controls on lobbying.
What is the European Working Time Directive (EWTD)
A directive aiming to protect the health and safety of workers in the European Union. It lays down minimum requirements in relation to working hours, rest periods, annual leave, and working arrangements for night workers.
what is the Europeanization process
The process of European integration itself, or a shorthand for the incorporation of European characteristics into domestic institutions, politics, and identities
Whati s Eurosclerosis
A word used to characterize the period of EC history between 1966 and the early 1980s, during which the process of integration appeared to have slowed down and the common market objective was not implemented.
What is Eurosystem?
Is the collection of national central banks of countries that have adopted the euro plus the European Central Bank (ECB). Those national central banks are merely ‘branches’ of the new ECB.
What is the EU-turkey statement?
Signed on 18 March 2016, this intergovernmental agreement between the EU member states and Turkey aims to end the flow of irregular migration from Turkey to the EU. Under the agreement, all new irregular migrants or asylum seekers crossing from Turkey to the Greek islands will be returned to Turkey after their asylum claims have been assessed. For every Syrian returned to Turkey, another Syrian will be resettled to the EU from Turkey directly. Through a new financial tool, the Facility for Refugees in Turkey, the EU supported Syrian refugees and host communities in Turkey with €3 bn between 2016 and 2017.
What is the EU Withdrawal Bill?
A bill to repeal the European Communities Act 1972 and make other provision in connection with the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU. The bill became the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, having been given royal assent on 26 June 2018.
What is excessive deficit procedure (EDP)?
The procedure under monetary union (EMU) that can be used to sanction those member states who fail to control their budget deficits.
What is the exclusive competence or exclusive Union competence?
One of the specific areas in which only the EU is able to legislate and adopt legally binding acts. The member states may intervene in the areas concerned only if empowered to do so by the Union or in order to implement Union acts (see shared competence).
What is executive federalism?
Decision-making in the European Union has been described as being multi-layered and federal in structure and thus constituting a system of executive federalism. This system is characterized by three elements: (i) interwoven competencies: making laws is the domain of the supranational level, but implementing these laws is the domain of the national level; (ii) the Council as federal chamber: a central institution of this federal system a meeting point for actors from the national and supranational level, a meeting point for politicians and bureaucrats, a place to negotiate, legislate, and implement, and the consensual form of decision-making; (iii) consensual decision-making—solutions are sought through ongoing negotiations, openness to compromise, and the incorporation of as many parties as possible. This method is based on mutual trust and the expectation of gaining more by giving in to a certain extent, and being repaid in another round. And based on the secrecy and confidentiality of the negotiations in the Council.
What is extraordinary rendition?
The handing over or surrender of a fugitive from one state to another, in contravention of national and international law, such as when a suspect is handed over without the permission of a judicial authority or, after the transfer, that person is tortured or held in breach of his or her human rights.
What is a falsifiable hypothesis?
A hypothesis that can be tested and which may thus be proven false. It is relatively easy to gather evidence for just about any idea, but a hypothesis is essentially worthless unless it makes predictions that evidence could contradict.
What is the Federal Reserve (the Fed)?
The United States’ central bank.
What is federalism?
An ideological position that suggests that everyone can be satisfied by combining national and regional/territorial interests in a complex web of checks and balances between a central government and a multiplicity of regional governments. In an EU context, it tends to imply an ideological approach that advocates the creation of a federal state in Europe.
What is a federation?
A way of organizing a political system, which involves the constitutionally defined sharing of functions between a federal centre and the states. A federation will usually have a bicameral parliament, a constitutional court, and a constitution.
Who are Fidesz?
The Federation of Young Democrats–Hungarian Civic Alliance is a Hungarian populist centre-right political party founded in 1988. Since 2006 and under the leadership of Viktor Orbán, Fidesz has governed Hungary with the support of the Christian Democratic People’s Party. In 2021 Fidesz left the European People’s Party in the European Parliament as the Hungarian party was about to be suspended over breaches of rule of law and media freedom, and democratic backsliding in Hungary.
What is finalité politique?
The EU’s final constitutional settlement.
What is the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance (FIFG)?
An instrument that aims to contribute to achieving the objectives of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). It supports structural measures in fisheries, aquaculture, and the processing and marketing of fishery and aquaculture products. It aims to promote the restructuring of the sector by putting in place the right conditions for its development and modernization.
