The Enlightenment

Question 1

What were the main ideas/points of Beccaria?

Answer 1

• torturing as A punishment is wrong because it contradicts a moral purpose of laws
• education can reduce a crime rate
• punishments should be weighted equally to the crime
• same crime for same punishments
• fair in swift trials with reason

Question 2

What were the main ideas/points of Montesquieu?

Answer 2

• split power into branches to avoid abuse of power in allow political freedom separation of powers (separation of powers)
  
  • One branch that makes the laws
  • The second one interprets the laws
  • The third one enforces the laws
• each branch has some control over the other branches
• agreed with Locke in many ways about the role of government
• Believe that this would prevent a leader of becoming a tyrant

Question 3

What were the main ideas/points of Rousseau?

Answer 3

• Society is what makes people do horrific things, it corrupts them
• Believed that individual should have certain rights
• laws should be decided by what the majority wanted
• we need a social contract for a better society
• education needs to be changed

Question 4

What were the main ideas/points of Voltaire?

Answer 4

• freedom of speech
• Quintessential add location of freedom of press
• religion as well as freedom of speech
• catholic Church should be disbanded
• logic/reason
• all men are equal and should be treated as our brothers
• believed in respecting all
• we are all creatures of God, no matter what we believe
• “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it…”
• fought for the suppression of tyranny and superstition
• respect for individuals
• Literature helped understand problems in general

Question 5

What was then Enlightenment?

Answer 5

The Enlightenment also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the age of reason, was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century.

Question 6

What is the natural state?

Answer 6

A natural state is a known as a wild primitive state untouched by civilization. (A world without laws or government)

Question 7

What is consent of the governed?

Answer 7

A condition urged by many as requirement for legitimate government, that the authority of a government should depend on the consent of people.

Question 8

What are natural rights?

Answer 8

Rights conceptualized as natural and inalienable.

Question 9

What were the main ideas of Locke?

Answer 9

• thought all people were born good and with natural rights given by God it like owning property, liberty, and life
• believed in constitutional monarchy
• believed that the argument between the government and the people was the social contract
• Thought that if the government couldn’t protect the people’s Rights than the people should rebel
• freedom of religion was a right that the government should protect and people should be allowed to attend which church they’d like to attend
• thought that the gov. Needed to be less strong

Question 10

What were the main ideas of Hobbes?

Answer 10

• Religion should separate from politics
• Supported a strong government based on reason
• Tried to separate knowledge from faith
• thought all people were greedy
• By allowing the State to have absolute power people live by reason and gain lasting preservation
• thought that the gov. should’ve been stronger