The Enlightenment

Question 1

Louis XIV

Answer 1

known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

Question 2

Peter the Great

Answer 2

Peter the Great, Peter I or Peter Alexeyevich ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother, Ivan V.

Question 3

William the Great Elector

Answer 3

Frederick William was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia – and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia – from 1640 until his death.

Question 4

Tzar

Answer 4

an emperor of Russia before 1917.

Question 5

Absolutism

Answer 5

a movement to end slavery, whether formal or informal

Question 6

Boyar

Answer 6

a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.

Question 7

Ivan IV

Answer 7

Ivan IV Vasilyevich, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Fearsome, was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then “Tsar of All the Russias” until his death in 1584.

Question 8

Divine Right

Answer 8

a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

Question 9

Henry IV

Answer 9

Henry of Bolingbroke /ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/, born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, was King Henry IV of England and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413, and asserted the claim of his grandfather, Edward III, to the Kingdom of France.

Question 10

War of Spanish Secession

Answer 10

a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II.

Question 11

Thirty Years War

Answer 11

a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

Question 12

Catherine the Great

Answer 12

Catherine II of Russia, also known as Catherine the Great, was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67.

Question 13

Window to the West

Answer 13

It was, in Peter the Great’s terms, enlightened, his big and bright window on the western world. Until the founding of St. Petersburg, Russia had seemed, at least to western Europe, a rather frightening Byzantine labyrinth.

Question 14

Maria Theresa

Answer 14

the only female ruler of the Hapsburg dominions and the last of the House of Hapsburg.

Question 15

Pragmatic Sanction

Answer 15

an imperial or royal ordinance or decree that has the force of law.

Question 16

Hapsburg

Answer 16

a German princely family founded by Albert, count of Hapsburg (1153).

Question 17

Austria, Seven Years War

Answer 17

a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763.

Question 18

Frederick the Great

Answer 18

King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.

Question 19

Frederick William I

Answer 19

known as the ‘Soldier King, was the King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until his death, as well as the father of Frederick the Great.

Question 20

Glorious Revolution

Answer 20

also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange.

Question 21

Spanish Armada

Answer 21

a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

Question 22

James I, Puritans

Answer 22

James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.

Question 23

Queen Elizabeth

Answer 23

Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death.

Question 24

Charles I

Answer 24

monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

Question 25

Petition of Rights

Answer 25

a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing.

Question 26

Long Parliament

Answer 26

an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament which had been held for three weeks during the spring of 1640, and which in its turn had followed an 11-years parliamentary absence.

Question 27

Short Parliment

Answer 27

a Parliament of England that sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles I of England, so called because it lasted only three weeks.

Question 28

Cavaliers

Answer 28

a supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War

Question 29

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 29

an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Question 30

Commonwealth

Answer 30

an independent country or community, especially a democratic republic.

Question 31

Declaration of Rights

Answer 31

a document drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish “inadequate” government.

Question 32

Monarchy

Answer 32

a form of government with a monarch at the head.

Question 33

Tories and Whigs

Answer 33

members of two opposing political parties or factions in England, particularly during the 18th century.

Question 34

English Bill of Right

Answer 34

an act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689.

Question 35

William and Mary

Answer 35

the co-regnants over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, namely the Dutch Prince of Orange King William III (& II) and his spouse (and first cousin) Queen Mary II.

Question 36

Enlightenment

Answer 36

the action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened.

Question 37

Philosophers

Answer 37

a person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.

Question 38

John Locke

Answer 38

an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the “Father of Liberalism”.

Question 39

Voltarie

Answer 39

a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state.

Question 40

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 40

a French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment.

Question 41

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 41

an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights.

Question 42

Salon

Answer 42

a gathering of people under the roof of an inspiring host, held partly to amuse one another and partly to refine the taste and increase the knowledge of the participants through conversation.