The Enlightenment Flashcards
Louis XIV
known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
Peter the Great
Peter the Great, Peter I or Peter Alexeyevich ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother, Ivan V.
William the Great Elector
Frederick William was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia – and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia – from 1640 until his death.
Tzar
an emperor of Russia before 1917.
Absolutism
a movement to end slavery, whether formal or informal
Boyar
a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.
Ivan IV
Ivan IV Vasilyevich, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Fearsome, was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then “Tsar of All the Russias” until his death in 1584.
Divine Right
a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.
Henry IV
Henry of Bolingbroke /ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/, born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, was King Henry IV of England and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413, and asserted the claim of his grandfather, Edward III, to the Kingdom of France.
War of Spanish Secession
a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II.
Thirty Years War
a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.
Catherine the Great
Catherine II of Russia, also known as Catherine the Great, was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67.
Window to the West
It was, in Peter the Great’s terms, enlightened, his big and bright window on the western world. Until the founding of St. Petersburg, Russia had seemed, at least to western Europe, a rather frightening Byzantine labyrinth.
Maria Theresa
the only female ruler of the Hapsburg dominions and the last of the House of Hapsburg.
Pragmatic Sanction
an imperial or royal ordinance or decree that has the force of law.
Hapsburg
a German princely family founded by Albert, count of Hapsburg (1153).
Austria, Seven Years War
a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763.
Frederick the Great
King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.
Frederick William I
known as the ‘Soldier King, was the King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until his death, as well as the father of Frederick the Great.
Glorious Revolution
also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange.
Spanish Armada
a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.
James I, Puritans
James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.
Queen Elizabeth
Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death.
Charles I
monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.
Petition of Rights
a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing.
Long Parliament
an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament which had been held for three weeks during the spring of 1640, and which in its turn had followed an 11-years parliamentary absence.
Short Parliment
a Parliament of England that sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles I of England, so called because it lasted only three weeks.
Cavaliers
a supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Commonwealth
an independent country or community, especially a democratic republic.
Declaration of Rights
a document drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish “inadequate” government.
Monarchy
a form of government with a monarch at the head.
Tories and Whigs
members of two opposing political parties or factions in England, particularly during the 18th century.
English Bill of Right
an act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689.
William and Mary
the co-regnants over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, namely the Dutch Prince of Orange King William III (& II) and his spouse (and first cousin) Queen Mary II.
Enlightenment
the action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened.
Philosophers
a person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.
John Locke
an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the “Father of Liberalism”.
Voltarie
a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state.
Baron de Montesquieu
a French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment.
Mary Wollstonecraft
an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights.
Salon
a gathering of people under the roof of an inspiring host, held partly to amuse one another and partly to refine the taste and increase the knowledge of the participants through conversation.
