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History, 10th Grade > The enlightenment > Flashcards

The enlightenment Flashcards

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1
Q

What Book did Thomas Hobbes write?

A

Leviathan

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2
Q

Thomas Hobbes thought that humans were naturally___

A

cruel and selfish

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3
Q

Thomas hobbes thought the best form of government would be an_____

A

Absolute Monarchy

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4
Q

Thomas Hobbes believed in what theory

A

Social contract

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5
Q

What is the Social Contract theory?

A

an agreement where the people give up some of their rights to gain an organized society

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6
Q

What was John Locke’s main belief?

A

Natural rights

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7
Q

John Locke believed that humans were basically _____

A

good, reasonable, and moral beings

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8
Q

What historical event did John Locke have a big impact on?

A

American revolution

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9
Q

According to John Locke, What was the purpose of a government?

A

defend your natural rights

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10
Q

What can you do if the govt doesn’t support your natural rights

A

revolt

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11
Q

What did John Locke write

A

The two treaties of government

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12
Q

Key word for Montesquieu…

A

Separation of Powers

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13
Q

Who’s ideas are the American govt modeled after

A

Montesquieu

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14
Q

What did Voltaire defend?

A

Freedom of speech

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15
Q

What punishment is given to Voltaire

A

he gets exiled

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16
Q

What style of writing did Voltaire use to criticize people

A

satire/witty

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17
Q

what is a salon

A

a get together to talk about ideas

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18
Q

Rousseau believes that humans are naturally _____

A

innocent, but the world corrupts them

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19
Q

What did Rousseau believe about power?

A

some control is necessary, but it should be minimal

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20
Q

What concept did Rousseau believe in?

A

general will

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21
Q

What is general will

A

the interest of the community is more important than the individual

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22
Q

What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe?

A

Women cannot be equal to men until they are given the same education as men

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23
Q

What was happening at the same time as the enlightenment?

A

the scientific revolution

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24
Q

Why didn’t the church like the scientific revolution?

A

The people were able to prove the church wrong

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25
Q

What was applied to people and government problems to try and solve them

A

scientific method

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26
Q

What was this general period of time known as

A

the age of reason

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27
Q

What traditional thoughts were challenged by the enlightenment?

A

divine right of kings, relationship between church and state, and inequalities between social classes

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28
Q

What invention helped ideas spread?

A

the printing press

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29
Q

What was the art style called before the enlightenment?

A

baroque

30
Q

what is the new style of art and architecture?

A

neoclassical

31
Q

what are the aspects of neoclassical art?

A

elegant, simple, and perfect

32
Q

Which 3 composers were famous in the enlightenment?

A

Hayden, Beethoven, and Mozart

33
Q

What did Hayden do that made him stand out?

A

wrote the first symphony

34
Q

What did Mozart do that made him stand out?

A

he wrote original pieces

35
Q

What did Beethoven use in his pieces?

A

emotion and range

36
Q

what was music used for during the enlightenment?

A

entertainment

37
Q

What were countries moving away from economically during the enlightenment

A

mercantilism

38
Q

What 2 concepts were used in the economy?

A

lassaiz-faire and capitalism

39
Q

What laws did Adam Smith create?

A

Law of self interest, law of competition, and law of supply and demand

40
Q

what is the law of self interest

A

each individual makes their own money, and the harder you work, the more you get paid

41
Q

what is the law of competition

A

consumer drives the market by looking for the best quality and the best price

42
Q

what is supply and demand

A

how the market is driven, how much there is and how much people want it

43
Q

What is capitalism based on?

A

private ownership and the desire to make profits

44
Q

What city is considered the center of the enlightenment?

A

Paris

45
Q

Who is Madame Geoffrin?

A

She hosted salons and sponsored denis diderot

46
Q

What did Denis Diderot do?

A

wrote the first encyclopedia with all of the ideas, essays, and sketches from the salons in it

47
Q

Who is mad about the encyclopedia? Why?

A

French govt and RCC, people know that they were wrong, and could now prove it

48
Q

What is the effect on women through the Enlightenment

A

very minimal, really just started the push for change, but no change occurred until after the enlightenment ended

49
Q

How did a king’s right to rule change through the enlightenment?

A

it was originally divine right, but now it is said that a king’s right to rule comes from the consent of the governed

50
Q

What is believed to be the best form of govt now?

A

something with limited power and a ruler who respects the citizen’s rights

51
Q

How did the relationship between ruler and citizens change?

A

the people used to serve the ruler, but now the ruler should serve the people

52
Q

What are the characteristics of an enlightened despot?

A

religious tolerance, tax reform, reduce govt spending, and improved education

53
Q

What did Frederick the great do that made him an enlightened despot?

A

encouraged religious freedom, abolished torture, and improved education

54
Q

What did Catherine the Great do that made her an enlightened despot?

A

legal reforms, and abolished death penalty and torture

55
Q

What did Joseph II do that made him an enlightened despot?

A

freedom of speech, press, and religion, abolished serfdom, but everything gets undone

56
Q

What was the original thought about how the universe was structured?

A

the earth was the center, geocentric

57
Q

What did people realize through the reformation and renaissance?

A

Humans can reason and question the authority of both the government and the church

58
Q

What did people look to to see what was true or false?

A

ancient greek and roman texts, or the bible

59
Q

Who said that the sun was actually the center of the universe?

A

Copernicus

60
Q

What was Copernicus’ theory called

A

heliocentric

61
Q

When did Copernicus Publish his works? Why?

A

after he died, so he wouldn’t get in trouble with the RCC

62
Q

What is Galileo known as?

A

The father of modern science

63
Q

What did Galileo invent?

A

the first telescope

64
Q

What did Galileo observe in space that disproved the geocentric theory?

A

4 moons around jupiter

65
Q

What law did Galileo create

A

law of pendulum

66
Q

How did Galileo avoid torture

A

he said his findings were false and went under house arrest

67
Q

Why was the scientific method significant

A

by actually testing theories, the church couldn’t deny the conclusions

68
Q

what was the process of deductive reasoning

A

there are a few premises and one certain solution

69
Q

who is known for deductive reasoning

A

descartes

70
Q

what is the process of inductive reasoning?

A

repeated observations (more data), ending in a probable conclusion

71
Q

who is known for using inductive reasoning

A

bacon

History, 10th Grade (1 decks)

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