Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

The endocrine system > The endocrine system > Flashcards

The endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

A collection of glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do glands do?

A

Secrete hormones into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Communicates and coordinates internal body functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is the endocrine system slower than the nervous system?

A

The endocrine system depends on the circulatory system so must circle in the blood on one path until it reaches target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

A region of the brain (a gland) which plays a part in both the endocrine and the sympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Has three parts of which it secretes many hormones (control of growth, function of sex organs and osmoregulation (water homeostasis))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Regulate growth and functions of body systems and regulates blood calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Regulate blood sugar via production of insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do the adrenal glands do?

A

Involved in the fight or flight response through adrenaline, regulates blood pressure via the hormone aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some of the endocrine glands?

A

The pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do the ovaries do as a gland?

A

Produce oestrogen and progesterone (sex hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a gland?

A

Any structure that makes and secretes a hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which is the major gland and why?

A

The pituitary as it produces many hormones that signal other glands to make their own hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are hormones specific to their function?

A

Each hormone can only trigger a reaction in specific cells (their target cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do hormones effect their target cells?

A

By increasing or decreasing some of its functions - usually to maintain its homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the pancreas which two cells are present?

A

Beta cells and alpha cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do beta cells in the pancreas do?

A

Release insulin (if sugar high)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do alpha cells in the pancreas do?

A

Release glucagon (if sugar low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do the testes do as a gland?

A

Produce androgen hormones - involved in the development of maleness and sperm production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers secreted by cells into the blood stream to reach target tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do the receiving target cells need to be able to accept the message of a hormone?

A

A complimentary receptor for that specific hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Benefits of hormones?

A

Regulate metabolic functions of other cells
Act at long distances
Effects can last days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How might hormones bring about effects in altering cell activity?

A

Stimulate synthesis of an enzyme/mitosis

Increase/decrease rate of synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What things do hormones control?

A 
Reproduction
Growth/development
Homeostasis
Cellular metabolism
Body defences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of hormone is insulin?

A

Peptide or protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of hormone is a thyroid hormone?

A

Amino acid derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some examples of steroid hormones?

A

Cortisone, aldosterone, oestrogen, testosterone, progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of hormone is a prostaglandins hormone?

A

A fatty acid derivative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

The pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the hypothalamus do physically?

A

Releases ‘releasing factors’ to stimulate other endocrine glands to release or stop releasing hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What three mechanisms cause hormones to be released?

A

Humoral stimulus
Neural stimulus
Hormonal stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Humoral stimulus?

A

A hormone releasing mechanism caused by altered levels of critical ions/nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Neural stimulus?

A

A hormone releasing mechanism caused by neural input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is Hormonal stimulus?

A

A hormone releasing mechanism caused by another hormone (tropic hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

Any class of hormone from the anterior pituitary gland that affects the secretion of other endocrine glands

36
Q

Where is the pituitary gland situated?

A

Just under your hypothalamus, in your brain

37
Q

What is the control centre of the brain?

A

The hypothalamus

38
Q

How does the hypothalamus work?

A

It stimulates activities which can have effects on the rest of the body (does so via nerve impulses and chemical messages via hormones)

39
Q

Explain how the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce hormones?

A

By sending CHEMICAL messages through the blood stream to the anterior pituitary and it instructs it to release hormones

40
Q

How does the hypothalamus stimulate the pituitary gland to produce hormones?

A

By sending NERVE messages to the posterior pituitary and and instructing it to release hormones

41
Q

What are the 2 hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic

42
Q

What is a diuretic?

A

‘water pills’ - medication to increase the amount of water and salt expelled from the body as urine (can treat high blood pressure)

43
Q

What is an antidiuretic?

A

A medication to reduce urine output

44
Q

What is the function of the growth hormone?

A

It maintains norm body structure and metabolism

45
Q

What is the function of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

It causes adrenal glands to secrete more cortisol (also produces triggers to increase production of (nor)adrenaline

46
Q

What is the function of the Follicle stimulating hormone?

A

In women FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates egg growth in ovaries, in men FSH helps control production of sperm

47
Q

What is the function of the Luteinising hormone?

A

Regulates the function of the ovaries in women and the testes in men through stimulating testosterone production

48
Q

What is the function of the thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Controls production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland (making thyroxine & triiodothyronine)

49
Q

What is the function of the prolactin hormone?

A

Contributes to physiologic functions, mainly milk production and development of mammary glands in breast tissue

50
Q

What hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary?

A

Growth, adrenocorticotrophic, follicle stimulating, luteinsing, thyroid stimulating and prolactin

51
Q

Which hormones are produced in the intermediate pituitary?

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

52
Q

What is the function of the melanocyte stimulating hormone?

A

A group of hormones produced by the pituitary gland/hypothalamus/skin cells which helps development of pigmentation, control of appetite and protection of skin from UV rays

53
Q

What is the function of the antidiuretic hormone?

A

Helps control BP by acting on the kidneys/blood vessels, saves fluid volume by reducing the amount of water passed as urine

54
Q

What is the function of the oxytocin hormone?

A

Acts on organs (breast and uterus) and works as a chem messenger in brain controlling aspects of the reproductive system

55
Q

What hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary?

A

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

56
Q

What does the hypothalamic-pituitary axis do?

A

Uses feedback loops and interactions to control the release of hormones (regulating the body’s response to stress and other things)

57
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When something is not at ‘norm’ level, the body takes action to revert it back to norm (e.g a drop in blood pressure will need an increase to revert it to norm)

58
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

A process in which the end product of an action causes more that same action to then occur, in feedback loop (e.g No. of cattle running increases overall panic level, the increase in this panic level will then increase the number of cattle running)

59
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

A photosensitive organ which produces and regulates melatonin

60
Q

What is melatonin?

A

A hormone produced by the pineal gland which regulates their sleep-wake cycle

61
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

An endocrine gland in the neck which makes/stores hormones to regulate HR/BP/temp/rate of food to energy conversion

62
Q

What two hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine T4 and Triiodothyronine T3

63
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Where your thyroid gland isn’t producing enough thyroxine or triiodothyronine, and therefore the body functions and body cells work slower (feeling lethargic and putting on weight)

64
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Where your thyroid gland produces too many hormones, so body cells work faster than normal (causes weight loss, increased hunger and anxiety/shakiness)

65
Q

What happens if the hypothalamus detects that T3 and T4 levels are low?

A

Hypothalamus releases thyroid-releasing hormones into the blood, The increase in TRH makes the pituitary gland release TSH (stimulating), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4

66
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Makes insulin, makes glucagon

67
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Needed to metabolise glucose

68
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Needed to release stored glucose

69
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

A

In the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

70
Q

Where are the adrenal glands sit?

A

They sit on top of each kidney

71
Q

What makes up the adrenal glands?

A

A central medulla, surrounded by a cortex

72
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

73
Q

What does the secretion of noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla cause?

A

Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)

74
Q

What does the secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla cause?

A

Increase in the actions of the sympathetic NS )important in fight or flight)

75
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Aldosterone, cortisol and sex hormones androgen oestrogen

76
Q

What is the purpose of aldosterone?

A

Causes sodium and water to be reabsorbed from the kidneys - increasing blood volume and blood pressure

77
Q

What does production of cortisol from the adrenal cortex cause?

A

Increases blood sugars, enhances brains use of glucose and increases availability of substances which repair tissues

78
Q

What do androgens do?

A

In both male and female but cause male traits and are involved in reproductive activity

79
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

In both males and females but mainly responsible for development and regulation of female reproductive system and sex characteristics

80
Q

What does the Follicle-stimulating hormone do to the testes?

A

Makes them produce androgens - causing the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm and the cells to produce testosterone

81
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A disorder of the endocrine system related to lack of insulin production

82
Q

What happens in Diabetes Mellitus type 1?

A

Where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin (islets of langerhans)

83
Q

What happens in Diabetes Mellitus type 2?

A

The body either does not produce enough insulin or the body’s cells do not respond to insulin

84
Q

What happens in Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Unrelated to diabetes, rare condition where you wee alot and are extremely thirsty

85
Q

What causes Diabetes Insipidus?

A

A lack of production of AVP means the kidneys cannot make enough concentrated urine so too much water is passed out the body

86
Q

What is AVP?

A

Vasopressin (AVP)/ antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - AVP passes from hypothalamus to pituitary where stored until needed, its released when water levels in body are low - retaining water and making concentrated urine

The endocrine system (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions