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The Endocrine System > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What Does the Endocrine System Do?

A
  • release hormones into the bloodstream

- help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction.

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2
Q

Compare the endocrine system to the nervous system.

A

Endocrine System

  1. Hormones released
  2. Slow and long lasting effect
  3. Target cells

Nervous System

  1. Neurotransmitter
  2. Quick and short term effect
  3. Innervated glands and muscles
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3
Q

The glands that make up the endocrine system

learn

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. pineal gland
  3. pituitary gland
  4. thyroid gland
  5. parathyroid gland
  6. thymus
  7. adrenal glands
  8. Islets of Langerhans (a cluster of cells within the pancreas that are responsible for the production and release of hormones that regulate glucose levels)
  9. ovaries, testes
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4
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

in the center of the brain between cerebrum and brainstem

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5
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A
  • houses the pituitary gland
  • hypothalamus acts as the connector between the endocrine and nervous systems
FUNCTIONS
REGULATES
body temperature
thirst
appetite and weight control
emotions
sleep cycles
sex drive
childbirth
blood pressure and heart rate
production of digestive juices
balancing bodily fluids
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6
Q

The hypothalamus hormones

A

Corticotropin CRH

Thyrotropin TRH

Growth hormone GHRH

Gonadotropin GnRH

Somatostatin GHIH

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7
Q

Corticotropin CRH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, which helps regulate metabolism and immune response by working with the pituitary gland and adrenal gland to release certain steroids CRH

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8
Q

Thyrotropin TRH

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone activates the thyroid, which releases the hormones that regulate metabolism, energy levels, and developmental growth TRH

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9
Q

Growth hormone

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH

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10
Q

Gonadotropin

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which instructs the pituitary gland to release more hormones that keep the sexual organs working GnRH

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11
Q

Somatostatin GHIH

A

Somatostatin (GHIH) , also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormones - growth hormone GH and thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

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12
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

located at the base of the brain.

about the size of a pea

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13
Q

Why is the pituitary gland dubbed the ‘master gland’?

A

because its hormones control other parts of the endocrine system, namely the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes

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14
Q

What is the pituitary gland divided into?

A

anterior pituitary gland

posterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

Function of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Prolactin

Growth hormone

Prolactin: Prolactin stimulates breast milk production and Growth hormone (GH): GH is essential in early years to maintaining a healthy body composition and for growth in children. In adults, it aids healthy bone and muscle mass and affects fat distribution.

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16
Q

Prolactin

A

Prolactin stimulates breast milk production

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17
Q

Growth hormone (GH):

A

healthy bone and muscle mass and affects fat distribution.

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18
Q

Does the endocrine system use positive or negative feedback?

A

Mostly negative

Negative feedback mechanisms act like a thermostat in the home

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19
Q

Which part of the Pituitary Gland is controlled by neurons?

A

posterior pituitary receives its signals from the magnocellular neurons.

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20
Q

Anterior pituitary gland hormones?

A 
Prolactin
GH Growth hormone
TSH - Thyrotropin
Thyroid hormones
FSH
LH - Luteinizing hormone
ACTH - (steroid hormones especially cortisol)
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21
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone gametes

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22
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone sex hormones

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23
Q

ACTH

A

(steroid hormones especially cortisol)

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24
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones?

A

ADH Anti-diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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25
Q

ADH

A

Anti-diuretic hormone: acts on kidneys; reduces urine output

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26
Q

Oxytocin

A

acts on uterus/breast milk

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27
Q

The Kidneys

A

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D - stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine
Renin - activates the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)
Erythropoietin - increases red blood cell production

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28
Q

Ovaries hormones

A

Estrogen

Progesterone - menstrual cycle & pregnancy

29
Q

Testes

A

Androgens, testosterone - secondary sexual characteristics, sperm

30
Q

Thymus

A

Releases thymosin and thymopoietin

Affects maturation of T lymphocetes

31
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

The thymus gland is in the chest, between the lungs

32
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

pineal gland is located deep in the brain in the epithalamus

33
Q

Pineal

A 
Secretes melatonin - skin colour
Role in sleep/wake cycles
body temperature
ageing
fertility
34
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck

35
Q

Functions of the thyroid gland

A

Produces
Follicular cells - excretion of triiodothyronin (T3)

Thyroxine (T4)

Increase BMR Basal Metabolic Rate, increase bone and protein turnover, increases response to catecholamines, need for infant G& D

Thyroid C cells - calcitonin. Lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels - bone structures

36
Q

Why do we need iodine in blood stream?

A

To produce T3 (three iodine molecules)

T4 (four iodine molecules)

37
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A 
Autoimmune disorder - excess thyroid hormone
- goitre (enlarge thyroid)
exophthalmos (bug eyes)
weight loss, hunger
anxiety, agitation
heart palpitations
38
Q

Hypothyrodism

A

insufficient production of thyroid hormone

Mainly affects women between 30-60 yrs old

Causes
autoimmune diseases

Atrophy of thyroid - ageing

Therapy for hyperthyroidism
radioactive iodine

Thyroidectomy
Medications
TRH Thyrotropin-releasing hormone or TSH thyroid stimulating hormone or radiation

39
Q

Thyroid Tumours

A

Can be benign or malignant

40
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands

A

Embedded in thyroid gland - integrated in the thyroid four to eight pea shaped glands

41
Q

Functions of the parathyroid glands

A

Chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone PTH, increases blood calcium levels

42
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Hyperparathyroidism is where the parathyroid glands, which are in the neck near the thyroid gland, produce too much parathyroid hormone

- elevated serum calcium
bone decalcification
renal calculi
apathy
fatigue
hypertension
cardiac dysrhythmias
43
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Hypoparathyroidism is an uncommon condition in which your body produces abnormally low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is key to regulating and maintaining a balance of two minerals in your body — calcium and phosphorus

tetany
numbness and tingling in extremities
stiff of hands and feet
bronchospasm
laryngeal spasm
carpopedal spasm
depression
anxiety
delirium
ECG changes
44
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

The adrenal glands are small glands located on top of each kidney.

45
Q

Functions of the adrenal glands?

A

sex hormones and cortisols

46
Q

Medulla (middle) of adrenal glands produce?

A

adrenal medulla include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have similar functions.

Fight or flight

47
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline

48
Q

norepinephrine

A

similar function to adrenaline

49
Q

Cortex of adrenal glands produce?

A

cortisol

aldosterone

50
Q

cortisol

A

helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress

51
Q

aldosterone

A

which helps control blood pressure
regulate salt/sodium and water

It works on;

Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II

52
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Glucocorticoids are a type of corticosteroid hormone that is very effective at reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system.

53
Q

Adrenal sex hormones

A

androgens and estrogen (sex hormones).

54
Q

Hyperfunction of adrenals/ cushing’s syndrome

A

causes adrenal tissue to secrete excess cortisol

symptoms, including central obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, easy bruisability, abdominal striae, and myopathy.

55
Q

Causes of hyperfunction of adrenals/ cushing’s syndrome

A

An overproduction of corticotrophin (ACTH) —the hormone that controls the adrenal gland— by the pituitary gland, which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids, may be one cause.

56
Q

Hypofunction Adrenals / Addison’s Disease

A

not enough of the hormone cortisol (glucocorticoids) and, often, not enough aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) as well. Androgens in women

57
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

pancreas is a long, flat gland that lies horizontally behind your stomach

58
Q

Functions of the pancreas?

A

The pancreas is a dual-functional gland, with both exocrine (digestive) and endocrine (hormonal) functions.

59
Q

Where is the Islets of the Langerhans?

A

Islets of Langerhans are islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas

60
Q

The Islets of Langerhans contain the following cell types:

A

Alpha cells – these make up roughly 15-20% of Islet cells and are responsible for producing glucagon
Beta cells – these make up 65-80% of Islet cells and produce insulin and amylin

61
Q

Insulin Beta cells

A

Decrease blood glucose levels

62
Q

Glucagon Alpha cells

A

Increase blood glucose levels

63
Q

How does insulin work?

A

Insulin is a hormone made in your pancreas
It works like a key to unlock cells so that glucose can enter
Glucose is then used by the body as fuel
Beta cells of pancreas are in charge of its production

64
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance, can produce insulin in beta cells.
resistance of the body’s cells to obey the orders of insulin. To overcome this resistance, the beta cells secrete more insulin, and glucose is eventually forced into the cells.

65
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

hyposecretion of ADH

66
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

insulin deficiency

67
Q

Diabetes Type 1

A

insulin dependent

68
Q

Diabetes Type 2

A

non insulin dependent
90% cases
- risk factors obesity, inactivity, age

The Endocrine System (1 decks)

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