Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENDOCRINE > THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

a collective term for all endocrine glands and hormone-secreting cells distributed throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the endocrine gland/cell?

A
  • lacks duct
  • secretes their hormone into surrounding tissue/fluid and it is taken up by the blood and carried thorugh the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the neuroendocrine/neurosecretory cell?

A

neurons that produce and release their secretions/hormones in response to signal from the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are hormones?

A
  1. chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream that produce a response only in certain TARGET CELLS that possess a receptor
  2. control and coordinate the body’s metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what 2 glands have broader effects than any other endocrine glands in the body?

A

hypothalmus and pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

region of forebrain located below thalamus and posterior to optic chiasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what kind of connections does the hypothalamus have to the pituitary?

A

the hypothalamus has both neural and circulatory connections with pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the hypothalamus is made of a collection of ____.

A

nuclei within diencephalon of brain with variety of functions including:

hormone regulation and secretion primarily from pituitary gland
autonomic regulation (HR, BP, GI secretions and motility)
thermoregulation
food and water intake
sleep and circadian rhythms
memory
emotional behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

seated in sella turcica of sphenoid bone just below hypothalamus
attached to hypothalamus by stalk-like structure called infundibulum
also connected to hypothalamus via nerve fibers via circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many lobes does the pituitary consist of?

A

2 lobes- anterior and posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which gland is considered the “master endocrine gland”?

A

pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the pituitary do?

A

secrete several hormones and regulated the activity of other hormone-secreting glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the primary regulator of the pituitary?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the nerve fiber connections that connect the pituitary to hypothalamus called?

A

hypothalamohypophysial tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the hypothalamohypophysial tract?

A

neurons in paravetnricular and supraoptic nuclei have direct projections that end in posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does paraventricular nuclei produce and what does it do?

A
  1. produces oxytocin
  2. stimulated uterine contractions in labor and milk release during lactation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does supraoptic nuclei produce and what does it do?

A
  1. primarily produces ADH
  2. vasoconstrictor that stimulated increase absorption of water from renal tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are bloodstream connections in pituitary gland called and where does the blood stream come from?

A
  1. hypothalamohypophysial portal system
  2. formed by branches off the internal carotid arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what occurs in the hypothalamohypophysial portal system?

A

arteries travel through median eminence (pituitary “stalk”) -> capillaries that surround cells within anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what kind of cells are located in medial zone of hypothalamus and have projections to the median eminence and secrete hormones into portal system?

A

neurosecretory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what release hormones do the neurosecretory cells secrete?

A

CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH

22
Q

what release-inhibiting hormones do the neurosecretory cells secrete?

A

somatostatin and dopamine

23
Q

what constitutes 3/4 of the pituitary gland?

A

the anterior pituitary

24
Q

what do non-tropic hormones coming from the anterior pituitary stimulate?

A

directly stim. target cells to induce effects

  • prolactin and growth hormone
25
Q

what do tropic hormones coming from the anterior pituitary stimulate?

A

pituitary hormone whose target organ is another endocrine gland

  • FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH
26
Q

what are the 3 axis types that demonstrate the relationship between the pituitary, tropic hormones, and their target endocrine gland?

A
  1. pituitary-thyroid axis
  2. pituitary-adrenal axis
  3. pituitary-gonadal axis
27
Q

what is the posterior pituitary also known as?

A

neurohypophysis

28
Q

what is the anterior pituitary also known as?

A

adenohypophysis

29
Q

is the posterior pituitary a true gland?

A

no

30
Q

there are 2 hormones that are synthesized in the hypothalamus that get stored in the posterior pituitary. what are they?

A

ADH and OT (OXYTOCIN)

31
Q

where do the posterior pituitary hormones (ADH and OT) travel?

A

they travel down the hypothalamohypophysial tract in the infundibulum

32
Q

what is the timing and amount of pituitary secretion regulated by?

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. higher brain structures
  3. feedback from target organs
33
Q

what are the 2 types of hypothalamic hormones?

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones

34
Q

whats the difference between releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A

releasing hormones- stimulate secretion BY pituitary cells
inhibiting hormones- inhibit secretion FROM pituitary cells

35
Q

what does TRH stimulate the release of?

A

TSH

36
Q

what does crh stimulate the release of?

A

ACTH

37
Q

what does GnRH stimulate the release of?

A

FSH and LH

38
Q

what does GHRH stimulate the release of?

A

growth hormone

39
Q

what does GHIH stimulate the release of?

A

inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH

40
Q

what does PRH stimulate the release of?

A

release of prolactin

41
Q

what does PIH stimulate the release of?

A

inhibits release of prolactin

42
Q

what is the posterior pituitary controlled by?

A

neuroendocrine reflexes

43
Q

when does the posterior pituitary release hormones?

A

in response to signals from the nervous system

44
Q

when is ADH released?

A

when theres an increase in blood plasma osmolality (2-3%) or decrease in blood volume (10-15%)

45
Q

when is oxytocin released?

A

during child labor and after nipple stimulation (breastfeeding)

46
Q

what is the MOA of oxytocin during breast suckling?

A
  1. suckling stimulated nerves in nipple and areola that travel to hypothalamus
  2. hypothalamus then stimulates posterior pituitary to release oxytocin and the anterior pituitary to release prolactin
  3. oxytocin stimulates lobules in breast to let down (release) milk from storage. prolactin stimulates additional milk production
47
Q

what is pitocin?

A

a synthetic substance that mimics oxytocin

48
Q

why is pitocin given?

A

to induce labor or to augment labor contractions (stronger and faster)

49
Q

what is normal ADH levels

A

275-295

50
Q

waht is adh also known as

A

vasopressin

51
Q

how does ADH get released exactly?

A

increased osmolality (dehydration) is detected by hypothalamic neurons (osmoreceptor) and will release ADH from posterior pituitary

52
Q

what does ADH act on to reabsorb water, lower urine volume and stimulate the sense of thirst?

A

distal tubule

ENDOCRINE (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions