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Human Physiology and anatomy > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of structures

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of the function and activities of living organisms including physical and chemical process

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3
Q

Name the two subdivisions of anatomy

A

Microscopic anatomy and gross (macroscopic) anatomy

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4
Q

Name the two classes of microscopic anatomy

A

Cytology and histology

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5
Q

What is the difference between these two?

A

Cytology: Involves looking at singular cells.

Histology: Looking at a tissue, containing multiple cells.

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6
Q

What are the four classes of gross (macroscopic) anatomy?

A
  1. Surface
  2. Regional
  3. Systemic
  4. Developmental
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7
Q

Explain gross (macroscopic) anatomy

A
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8
Q

Explain surface anatomy

A

The study of the external features of the body, can be viewed in sight, does not require dissection.

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9
Q

Explain regional anatomy

A

The study of a specific region of the body e.g head, leg and/or abdomen.

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10
Q

Explain systemic anatomy

A

A collection of a number of different structures that help to perform a specific function.

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11
Q

Explain developmental anatomy

A

The study of the structural changes of the body throughout that individual’s lifespan.

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12
Q

Name the four subdivisons of physiology?

A
  1. Cell
  2. Systemic
  3. Special
  4. Pathophysiology
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13
Q

Explain cell physiology

A

The study of the different activities in a cell used to help keep it alive.

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14
Q

Explain Systemic physiology

A

The study of specific organs and how they are able to function.

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15
Q

Explain Special Physiology

A

?

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16
Q

Explain Pathophysiology

A

The processes that causes a disease or a disorder to develop, e.g change in structure or a defect of an internal organ.

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17
Q

Name the different planes in anatomy and how they are viewed

A
  1. Sagital (from the side)
  2. Transverse (Bird’s eye perspective)
  3. Frontal
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18
Q

Inferior and superior

A

Inferior—-At the feet
Superior—-At the head

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19
Q

Name the six processes of LP
life processes

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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20
Q

Name the major systems of the human body

A

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscle
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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21
Q

Integumentary

A

Protection from environmental hazards; Temperature control.

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22
Q

Skeletal

A

Support; Protection of tissues; Mineral storage; Blood formation

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23
Q

Muscular

A

Locomotion; Support; Heat production.

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24
Q

Nervous

A

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, generally by coordinating
activities of other systems.

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25
Q

Endocrine

A

Directs long-term changes in activities of other systems.

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26
Q

Cardiovascular

A

Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials (including nutrients,
wastes, and gases).

27
Q

Lmyphatic

A

Defence against infection and disease

28
Q

Respiratory

A

Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between air and
circulating blood.

29
Q

digestive

A

Processing food; Absorption of nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water.

30
Q

urinary

A

Elimination of excess water, salts and waste products.

31
Q

reproductive

A

Production of sex cells and hormones

32
Q

Homeostasis

A

A stable environment must be achieved, metabolic functions perform at max efficiency.

33
Q

Homeostasis+Physiopathology relation

A

Opposite in meaning; Health reflects homeostasis whereas pathophysiology (pathological
physiology; abnormal function) marks deviation from homeostasis.

34
Q

Name the two types of Homeostatic regulation

A

Intrinsic regulation, Extrinsic regulation

35
Q

What is intrinsic regulation

A

Automatic adjustment in response to environment e.g oxygen starved cells dilate BV, increasing blood flow

36
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

Results from activities of the nervous or endocrine system e.g exercise

37
Q

Describe a feedback system

A

Type of system in the body, works to return the body to homeostasis

38
Q

Name the three components in FS

A

Receptor, Control, Effector

39
Q

Describe the sensor/receptor

A

Monitors event

40
Q

Control centre

A

Determines response

41
Q

Effector

A

Generates response

42
Q

Describe negative feedback

A

Homeostatic, body changes out of homestasis, cs responds to reverse—- hence negative e.g sweating

43
Q

Describe positive feedback

A

Not homeostatic, the event enhances the effects e.g childbirth

44
Q

What type of science is physiology?

A

Integrative

45
Q

Plasma (cell) membrane + functions

A

Outer membrane separating
the internal components from
the extracellular environment

Physical isolation.
* Regulation of exchange with environment.
* Communication between cell and environment.
* Structural support.

46
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid containing
dissolved proteins, enzymes,
nutrients, ions, and other
molecules

47
Q

Organelles

A

Highly organized and specialized
structures suspended in
the cystosol

48
Q

Inclusions

A

Temporary structures in the
cytoplasm which contain
secretions and storage
products of the cell

49
Q

Name the three types of membrane

A

Structural proteins, Enzymes, Receptors

50
Q

Function of structural proteins

A

Maintain shape by linking membrane to cytoskeleton.
* Form part of cell-to-cell connections holding tissues together

51
Q

enzyme

A

Catalyze chemical reactions occurring on external surface of
immediate internal surface.

52
Q

receptors

A

Receptor proteins on outer surface of cell form important part of body’s
chemical signalling system.
* Each receptor is specific for certain molecules (ligands) or families of
molecules.
* Ligand binding to receptor usually triggers a cascade of events.

53
Q

Name the two types of transport proteins

A

channel, carrier

54
Q

channel function

A

has a passage which links intracellular and extracellular components together

55
Q

Carrier function

A

Never forms direct connection, solvents must change shape to pass through

56
Q

Name the four main transport processes

A

diffusion, filtration, carrier-mediated transport, vesicular transport

57
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive process resulting from
random motion and collisions
of ions and molecules

58
Q

Filtration

A

Passive process occurring when
hydrostatic pressure forces fluid
and solutes across a
membrane barrier

59
Q

carrier mediated

A

Either passive or active process
requiring the presence of
of specialized integral
membrane proteins

60
Q

vesicular

A

Active process involving the
movement of materials within
small membranous sacs,
or vesicles

61
Q

Isotonic meaning

A

Equal solute and water in solution.
* No osmotic flow.
* RBCs normal appearance.

62
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less solute, more water in solution.
* Osmotic flow of water into cells.
* RBCs have swollen appearance.
* Swelling may continue until membrane
ruptures.

63
Q
A

Human Physiology and anatomy (1 decks)

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