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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT CHEMICAL, WHEN SECRETED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM, CONTROLS THE METABOLIC PROCESSES OF TARGET CELLS?

A

HORMONES

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2
Q

STEROID HORMONES ARE VERY POWERFUL BECAUSE THEY

A

INTERACT DIRECTLY WITH DNA

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3
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE TRUE OF HORMONES
A. THEY LAST A SHORT TIME
B. THEY ARE FAST ACTING
C. THEY AFFECT DISTANT TARGETS
D. THEY LEAVE THE BODY

A

C. THEY AFFECT DISTANT TARGETS

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4
Q

WHAT GLAND PRODUCES MELATONIN?

A

PINEAL

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5
Q

WHAT GLAND PRODUCES THYROXINE?

A

THYROID

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6
Q

WHAT GLAND PRODUCES PROGESTERONE?

A

OVARY

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7
Q

WHAT GLAND PRODUCES GLUCAGON?

A

PANCREAS

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8
Q

WHAT GLAND PRODUCES EPINEPHRINE?

A

ADRENAL

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9
Q

WHAT IS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

A

IS A SERIES OF ORGANS AND DUCTLESS GLANDS IN YOUR BODY THAT SECRETE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS CALLED HORMONES INTO YOUR BLOOD STREAM.

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10
Q

WHAT ARE HORMONES?

A

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS RELEASED BY ENDOCRINE GLANDS

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11
Q

WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK?

A

If any of the body’s dozens of homeostatic values become seriously disrupted, the control systems work to bring them back to set point.

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12
Q

WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK?

A

PRODUCES A RESPONSE THAT CONTINUES TO INCREASE IN ORDER TO PRODUCE THE DESIRED EFFECT. THE ACTIVITY OF A HORMONE SIGNALS THE SYSTEM TO PRODUCE AND RELEASE MORE OF THE HORMONE. ( CHILDBIRTH)

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13
Q

HORMONE LEVELS CAN BE CONTROLLED BY WHAT 3 CONTROLS?

A
  1. nervous system (neural control)
  2. other hormones (hormonal control)
  3. body fluids such as the blood (humoral control).
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14
Q

DIENCEPHALON

A

Is situated between the brain stem and cerebrum and acts as an important regulator of many body processes.

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15
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A

controls much of the body’s physiology, including hunger, thirst, fluid balance, and body temperature, to name only a few of its functions. The hypothalamus is also, in part, the “commander-in-chief ” of the endocrine system because it controls the pituitary gland and therefore most of the other glands in the endocrine system

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16
Q

PITUITARY

A

a part of the diencephalon, is a small gland, about the size of a grape, located at the base of the brain.

commonly known as the “master gland,” indicating its important role in the control of other endocrine glands and organs.

that name is misleading because the pituitary gland rarely acts on its own. The pituitary acts only under orders from the hypothalamus.

If the hypothalamus is the “commander-in-chief,” the pituitary is a high-ranking soldier who carries out the orders.

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17
Q

THE PITUITARY IS SPLIT INTO TWO SEGMENTS

A

-POSTERIOR PITUITARY- EXTENSION OF HYPOTHALAMUS, USED AS A LAUNCH PAD BY HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONS TO SECRETE HORMONES, ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE AND OXITOCIN.

-ANTERIOR PITUITARY- ALSO CONTROLLED BY HYPOTHALAMUS BUT IS AN ENDOCRINE GLAND. IT MAKES AND SECRETES HORMONES UNDER THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS.

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18
Q

DIABETES INCIPIDUS (DI)

A

A RARE DISORDER THAT CAUSES PEOPLE HAVE TO URINATE MORE FREQUENTLY DUE TO THE BODY MAKING TOO MUCH URNINE. (POLYURIA)

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19
Q

HYPOPITUITARISM

A

A DECREASE OF PITUITARY FUNCTION CAUSED BY TUMORS, SURGERY, RADIATION OR HEAD INJURY

causing a variety of symptoms. LH and GH are usually the most severely affected.

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20
Q

HYPERPITUITARISM

A

OVER PRODUCTION OF PITUITARY HORMONES, USUALLY CAUSED BY BENIGN PITUITARY TUMORS.

Symptoms include reproductive abnormalities, acromegaly, cardiac dysfunction, sleep apnea, Cushing’s syndrome (see section on the adrenal gland for detailed discussion), and hyperthyroidism.

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21
Q

ACROMEGALY

A

CAUSED BY OVER SECRETION OF GH IN ADULTS ONCE BONES HAVE STOPPED GROWING. BONES MAY BECOME DEFORMED AND ORGANS MAY MALFUNCTION DUE TO EXCESS GROWTH.

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22
Q

GIANTISM OR GIGANTISM

A

WELL ABOVE NORMAL HEIGHT

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23
Q

DWARFISM

A

WELL BELOW AVAGAGE HEIGHT

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24
Q

OXYTOCIN

A

IS SECRETED FROM THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY

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25
Q

THE IS CONTROLLED BY HORMONES FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS, WHEREAS THE ACTUALLY SECRETES HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES.

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY; POSTERIOR PITUITARY

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26
Q

WHAT GLAND, UNDER ORDERS FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS, RELEASES HORMONES THAT CONTROL OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS?

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

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27
Q

WHICH GLAND DOES ACTH CONTROL

A

ADRENAL GLAND

28
Q

SIADH IS CAUSED BY EXCESS SECRETION OF

A

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

29
Q

ALCOHOL INHIBITS SECRETION OF ADH. THIS CAUSES :

A

LOTS OF DILUTE URINE

30
Q

WHAT 3 HORMONES ARE SECRETED BY THE THYROID GLAND?

A

THYROXINE- THYROID HORMONE
TRIIODOTHYRONINE- THYROID HORMONE
CALCITONIN- DECREASES BLOOD CALCIUM

31
Q

HYPORTHYROIDISM

A

WHEN TOO LITTLE THYROID HORMONE IS PRODUCED

32
Q

HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS

A

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM AND IS CAUSED BY AUTOIMMUNE ATTACK TO THYROID GLAND. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BEGINS TO ATTACK THE CELLS IN THE THYROID CAUSING INFLAMATION AND DAMAGE TO THE GLAND

33
Q

CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

A

PRESENT AT BIRTH, CAUSED BY ANATOMICAL THYROID ABNORMALITIES, THYROID METABOLISM ERRORS, OR IODINE DEFICIENCY. IF LEFT UNTREATED CAN LEAD TO LEARNING DISABILITIES.

34
Q

HYPERTHYROIDISM

A

OVER PRODUCTION OF THYROID HORMONE

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include feeling hot, muscle tremors, sweating, muscle weakness, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, loose bowels, infertility, nervousness, irritability, and enlarged, bulging eyes.

35
Q

GRAVE’S DISEASE

A

AN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER, THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HYPERTHYROIDISM. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BINDS TO TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE) RECEPTORS STIMULATING THE THYROID TO PRODUCE EXCESS THYROID HORMONE.

36
Q

THYROID STORM

A

ACUTE GRAVE’S DISEASE FATAL FORM OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

Patients may also have a condition called exophthalmos, in which swelling of tissue behind the eyes makes the eyeballs bulge, giving the appearance of “bug eyes.”

37
Q

GOITER

A

ENLARGEMENT OF THE THYROID, CAN BE THE RESULT OF EITHER HYPOTHYROIDISM OR HYPERTHYROIDISM. CAN INTERFERE WITH BREATHING OR SWALLOWING AND CAN PRODUCE TIGHTNESS IN THE THROAT.

38
Q

PARATHYROID GLANDS

A

A PAIR OF GLANDS EMBEDDED IN THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE THYROID GLAND AND PRODUCE PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) WHICH REGULATES LEVELS OF CALCIUM IN THE BLOODSTREAM

39
Q

TETANY

A

A CONDITION CAUSED LOW BLOOD CALCIUM INTERFERING WITH NERVE FUNCTION

Patients with tetany may experience muscle spasms, cramps, uncontrolled twitching, or seizures

40
Q

THYMUS GLAND

A

IS BOTH ENDOCRINE GLAND AND LYMPHATIC ORGAN LOCATED IN UPPER THORAX BEHIND STERNUM AND PLAYS IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PRODUCES HORMONE THYMOSIN.

41
Q

THYMOSIN

A

A HORMONE THAT HELPS WITH THE MATURATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS TO FIGHT INFECTION.

42
Q

PINEAL GLAND

A

TINY GLAND FOUND IN THE BRAIN THAT PRODUCES MELATONIN HORMONE

43
Q

MELATONIN

A

IS WHAT TRIGGERS OUR SLEEP BY PEAKING AT NIGHT AND CAUSING DROWSINESS

44
Q

PANCREAS

A

AN ACCESSORY ORGAN OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LOCATED IN THE UPPER ABDOMEN NEAR THE STOMACH. RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS (GLUCOSE) AT OR NEAR SET POINT.

normal fasting clinical range for blood glucose levels is 70–105 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter)

45
Q

TWO HORMONES THE PANCREAS MAKES THAT CONTROL BLOOD GUCLOSE

A

INSULIN
GLUCAGON

46
Q

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

A

TWO GROUPS OF CELLS IN THE PANCREATIC TISSUE THAT PRODUCE HORMONES INSULIN AND GLUCAGON

47
Q

ADRENAL GLANDS

A

A PAIR OF SMALL GLANDS THAT SIT ON TOP OF YOUR KIDNEYS

48
Q

TWO REGIONS OF ADRENAL GLANDS

A

ADRENAL CORTEX - OUTTER LAYER
ADRENAL MEDULA - MIDDLE OF GLAND

49
Q

ADRENAL MEDULLA REALEASES WHAT TWO HORMONES?

A

EPINEPHRINE AKA ADRENALINE
NOREPINEPHRINE

50
Q

ADRENAL CORTEX

A

MAKES DOZENS OF STEROID HORMONES KNOWN AS ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS (STEROIDS IN THE ADRENAL CORTEX) MINERALCORTICOIDS AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS.

Others are in part responsible for regulation of reproduction and secondary sexual characteristics, and still others control cell metabolism, growth, and immune system function.

51
Q

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

A

HORMONE STEROID MADE BY ADRENAL CORTEX REGULATES ELECTROLYTE AND FLUID BALANCE

52
Q

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

A

HORMONE STEROID MADE BY ADRENAL CORTEX THAT REGULATES BLOOD SUGAR

53
Q

DIABETES MILLITUS

A

A CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY ABNORMALLY HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE (HYPERGLYCEMIA) BECAUSE OF DECREASED SECRETION OF INSULIN OR THE BODY’S INSENSITIVITY TO INSULIN.

54
Q

PHELBOTOMISTS

A

HEALTH PROFESSIONALS WHO DRAW AND TEST BLOOD

55
Q

GONADS

A

TESTES IN MALES AND OVARIES IN FEMALES- PRODUCE SEX HORMONES THAT CONTROL REPRODUCTION IN BOTH MALES AND FEMALES

-TESTOSTERONE FOR MALES
-ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE FOR FEMALES

56
Q

ESTROGEN

A

PRODUCED BY THE OVARY IN FEMALE, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS IN FEMALES

57
Q

PROGESTERONE

A

ALSO PRODUCED BY OVARY, HELPS TO REGULATE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN FEMALES

58
Q

TESTES

A

PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE, RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPEMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS, SUCH AS THE MALES DEEP VOICE

59
Q

AUTOIMMUNE

A

BODY ATTACKING ITSELF

60
Q

ADDISON’S DISEASE

A

CAUSED BY INSUFFICIENT PRODUCTION OF ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS, MAINLY CORTISOL, A GLUCOCORTICOID, AND ALDOSTERONE, A MINERAL CORTICOID

-FATAL IF NOT TREATED
-MOST CASES ARE AUTOIMMUNE
-COULD BE CAUSED BY INFECTION OR CANCER, ABNORMALITIES OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY

Symptoms include weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia, irritability, depression, and excessive skin pigmentation

61
Q

CUSHING’S SYNDROME

A

CAUSED BY OVER SECRETION OF CORTISOL

-Symptoms include upper body obesity, round face, easy bruising, osteoporosis, fatigue, depression, hypertension, and hyperglycemia (high blood glucose).

-Women may have excess facial hair and irregular periods;

-men may have decreased fertility and decreased sex drive.

-Cushing’s syndrome may be a side effect of medical use of steroids, like prednisone, or may be due to pituitary or adrenal tumors or one of several genetic disorders

62
Q

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

A

CLASS OF STEROID MOLECULES THAT CAUSE LARGE INCRESES IN MUSCLE MASS COMPARED TO WORKING OUT WITHOUT STEROIDS.

63
Q

TWO TYPES OF BRAIN SIGNALING

A

-AUTOCRINE
-PARACRINE

64
Q

AUTOCRINE SIGNALING

A

OCCURS WHEN A CELL SENDS OUT A SIGNAL THAT AFFECTS THE CELL ITSELF

65
Q

PARACRINE SIGNALING

A

OCCURS WHEN A CELL SENDS OUT A SIGNAL THAT AFFECTS NEARBY CELLS THAT ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE CELL SENDING OUT THE SIGNAL

66
Q

PROSTAGLANDINS

A

EXAMPLE OF PARACRINE SIGNALING- SHORT RANGE HORMONES THAT ARE FORMED RAPIDLY AND ACT IN THE IMMEDIATE AREA

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (1 decks)

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