the endocrine system 1

Question 1

what does the pituitary gland do

Answer 1

secretes anterior and posterior hormones

Question 2

what does hypothalamus do

Answer 2

it has connection to cortex, thalamus, limbic system, reticular formation,
it secretes hypophiotropic hormones

Question 3

what does the posterior pituitary do

Answer 3

it does not synthesise hormones,there Is over 10,000 axons and axon terminals that all have hypothalamic neurosecretary cells.

Question 4

explain the balancing of hormones in homeostasis

Answer 4

1. stimulus produces change in the variable
2. change is detected by the receptor the receptor acts as the sensor
   3.there is information inputted from the afferent pathway to the control centre
3. from the afferent pathway it is sent to the effector
4. the response of the effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and return variable to homeostasis

Question 5

name the 6 pituitary hormones.

Answer 5

1.ACTH=adrenocorticotropic hormone
2.LH=luiteinizing hormone
3.FSH=follicle stimulating hormone
4.PL= prolactin
5.TSH= thyroid stimulating hormone
6.GH= growth hormone

Question 6

Name 6 Hypophysiotrophic hormones

Answer 6

1. corticotropic releasing hormone
   2.GHRH = growth hormone releasing hormone
   3GHIH= growth hormone inhibitory hormone (somostatin)
   4.PRH= prolactin releasing hormone
   5.GnRH=gonadotropin releasing hormone
   6.TRH= thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 7

somatotropin explain

Answer 7

the growth hormone, secreted by somatotrophs, it secretes GHRH also known as somatocrinin
GHIH is also known as somatostanin

Question 8

thyrotropin explain

Answer 8

secreted by thyrotrophs,TRH stimulates secretion, GHIH inhibits secretion

Question 9

Follicle stimulating hormone explain
and luiteinizing

Answer 9

secreted by gonadotropins,GnRH stimulates secretion, no suppressor

Question 10

Prolactin explained

Answer 10

secreted by lactotrophs, stimulated by prolactin releasing hormone, inhibited by prolactin inhibiting hormone known as dopamine

Question 11

corticopin explained

Answer 11

secreted by corticotrophs ,stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone, inhibited by dopamine

Question 12

what are the two parts of the adrenal glands

Answer 12

suprarenal cortex and suprarenal medulla

Question 13

explain the negative feedback regulation of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

Answer 13

1. corticotropin releasing hormone(CRH) is released from the hypothalamus
   2.CRH stimulates the release of ACTH corticotropin into the anterior pituitary
   3.ATCH in the anterior pituitary then stimulates the release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
   THE FEEDBACK ELEMENT:
   1.the elevated cortisol levels in the acth are inhibited by a anterior corticotrophs
   2.the elevated cortisol levels inhibit release of crh by hypothalamic secretory cells.

Question 14

explain the bodies short term response to stress.

Answer 14

1.glycogen breaks down to glucose which increases blood pressure
2.the increased blood pressure increases the breathing rate.
3.these fa tors increase metabolic rate
4.the change in blood flow patterns leads to sn increase in alertness and a decrease in digestivity and kidney function
PHYSICAL PATHWAY
1.nerve signals are sent that makes the nerve cell travel through the cross section of spinal cord.
2.this travels to the adrenal medulla where epinephrine and nereponiphrine are related

Question 15

explain the bodies long term response to stress

Answer 15

PHYSICAL PATHWAY
1.the hypothalamus secretes ACTH that enter the anterior pituitary and it travels to the adrenal cortex via blood vessels
2.mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are released
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
1.they hold the retention of sodium ions and waters by the kidneys
2, increased blood volume and pressure.

GLUCOCORTICOIDS.
1.proteins and fats are broken down and converted to glucose leading to increased blood glucose
2.immune system may be supressed.

Question 16

stress response visceral effectors

Answer 16

1. increased heartbeat and force of heart beat
   2.constriction of blood vessels and most viscera of skin
   3.dilation of blood levels of heart, lugs brain skin, and skeletal muscles
   4.contraction of spleen
   5.glycogen is connected to glucose in the liver
   6.there is sweating and dilation of airways
   7.decrease In digestive enzymes and water retention elevated blood pressure

Question 17

, stress response on adrenal cortex

Answer 17

Lipolysis,glucogenesis, protein catobolism, sensitised blood vessels and reduced inflammation via cortisol

Question 18

stress response of thyroid gland

Answer 18

increased use of glucose to produce ATP via T3 AND T4 hormones

Question 19

liver response to. stress

Answer 19

lipolysis and glycogeneisis

Question 20

explain the renin -angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 20

1.dehydration, sodium deficiency and a haemmorage can cause a decrease in blood volume
2.this leads to a decrease in blood pressure, the juxtaglomeralur cells of a kidney increase their renin output along with increased angiotensin for the liver
2.Angiotensin 1 reaches the lungs where ACE is introduced (angiotensin converting enzyme) which created angiotensin ||
3.angiotensin || enters the adrenal cortex which increases aldosterone
4. increased aldosterone leads to increased NA+ and water reabsorption with an increase of hydrogen and potassium into urine
5. this leads to an increase of blood volume which makes the blood pressure increase until it return to normal
6. the increased blood pressure along with the initial introduction of angiotensin 1 increases vasoconstriction of arterioles
7. it all results with increased potassium and extracellular fluid in adrenal cortex

Question 21

what does the pineal gland do