The End of the Peloponnesian War and its Aftermath, 419 - 404 BC Flashcards
Why were Corinth and the other Peloponnesian allies upset by the peace of Nicias?
They were upset by the clause that allowed Sparta and Athens to adjust the treaty by mutual consent, but without the allies’ agreement.
What did Corinth do as a result of their disapproval of the peace of Nicias?
Sought to turn other Peloponnesian allies against Sparta, and wen to Argos who agreed to try arrange a new alliance in secret.
Why did Argos want to prepare for war with Sparta?
They felt war was inevitable, and after Sphacteria, believed they could now gain the leadership of the Peloponnese.
Who allied with Argos?
Mantinea and Elis.
Why did Athens not return Pylos?
The Spartans were unable to get Amphipolis to return to Athenian control.
What arangement did Sparta try to make with Boeotia?
Sparta attempted to receive Panactum from them, Boeotia agreed if Sparta agreed to sign a fresh alliance with them. Sparta had hoped to trade Panactum with Athens for Pylos. This fresh alliance was at odds with the peace of Nicias, but the Spartans still agreed.
What did the Athenians do they found out about the Spartan-Boeotian arrangement?
Alcibiades, chief instigator after Cleon’s death, sought to make a new alliane with the Argives.
What did the Spartans send to Athens? What was the result of this?
Immediately sent envoys to Athens in order to renew relations. The Spartans attempted to persuade the Athenian council of their good intentions, but Alcibiades tricked them into not revealing all their powers to the assembly, and so was able to turn support to the alliance with Argos, and away from the peace of Nicias.
What was Alcibiades idea?
A four way alliance between Athens, Argos, Mantinea, and Elis.
Where did the Argives attack in 419BC and who did Alcibiades entice to the Athenian side? what were the results of these moves?
Epidaurus south of Corinth was attacked by Argos and Patrae in the north Peloponnese was swayed to the Athenian side. These moves would have isolated Corinth from the Peloponnese. Sparta came to the help of Epidaurus first in 419 BC.
What happened in 418BC relating to the Spartans and Argives?
Sparta, fearful more northern Peloponnesian cities would fall, sent a large army, including allies from Boeotia and Megara, led by king Agis into the North Peloponnese. An Argive army marched against them, joined by 1000 Athenian hoplites and a Mantinean force, collectively they hoped to win over the city of Tegea, located to the south of Mantinea. With both Mantinea and Tegea, they could then control the route into and out of Laconia. This led to the battle of Mantinea.
Who won the battle of Mantinea? and what did this answer?
The Spartans won a resounding victory and answered all the criticism levied at them after Sphacteria; they showed themselves to be an overwhelmingly military superior.
As a result of their loss at the battle of Mantinea, what happened in Argos? what were the results of this leading in to 417 BC?
An oligarchic faction seized power and concluded a new fifty-year peace with Sparta. Without Argos, Mantinea could not remain allied to Athens and so made a new agreement with Sparta. As a result, by 417 BC Sparta had reaffirmed its alliance with all previous allies and Argos remained neutral.
in 415 BC, who called for Athenian support (Thucydides considers this Athens’ greatest disaster)?
The Sicilian community of Egesta called for Athenian aid in a conflict with their neighbour Selinus, aided by a major power on the island.
What did the Athenian assembly send in aid of Egesta? What was their mission statement?
Voted to send sixty ships to Sicily, under a tripartite general-ship of Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus. Their aim being to help the Egestaeans, re-establish Leontini on the other side of the island which had also been attacked by Syracuse, and to do what they saw fit according to Athenian interests.
What were Athenian interests in Sicily?
Thucydides twice claims they aimed to conquer Sicily.
What was the difference in opinion between Alcibiades and Nicias?
The number of ships had proven insufficient, Nicias spoke against the expedition as they had so many problems at home. He attacked Alcibiades as a reckless adventurer who was advocating for expedition for his own personal aggrandisement. Alcibiades answered these criticisms and claimed that Sicily would fall easily to their superior naval power.
What did Nicias try to do in order to get the expedition cancelled? What was the result of this plan?
He requested far greater forces in the hopes that the enormity of the undertaking would dissuade the Athenian assembly. This backfired and sent many more men. Nicias was now responsible for not just the setback of the 60 ships but now an additional two fleets. The first had 100 ships, 5000 hoplites, and the second had sixty ships, 1200 hoplites.
How did Nicias remain the sole senior-commander?
Alcibiades was called home to face charges of religious impropriety. This led to Nicias being left as senior-commander and execution of the war as half-hearted.
In 415/14, who requested for Peloponnesian aid in Sicily? and why did they decide to help?
Syracuse. Corinth was keen to help and the Spartans were inflamed by Alcibiades, who had gone to Sparta in exile. Alcibiades adviced sending out a Spartan commander. He claimed that the Athenian intention was to claim Sicily, Italy, and then Carthage, before using these resource to conquest against the Peloponnese.
What success did Nicias have in the Spring of 414? what were the results of these successes?
Seized the height of Epipolae above the city of Syracuse and then began to build fortifications around the city to prepare for a siege. The Syracusans contemplated surrender, but Nicias reduced his efforts - perhaps due to his overtures of peace. Nicias decided to make the southern section a double wall rather than press on with the north wall surrounding the city.
Who landed in Sicily in early 414 BC? How did Nicias respond to this?
Spartan commander Gylippus with only a skeleton force. Nicias, with the arrival of Gylippus, turned his focus to the sea and allowed the siege walls to be taken. Nicias sent a letter home requesting more force, or to be allowed to retreat. A belligerent Athens sent Demosthenes and an additional sixty ships and 1200 hoplites, the prior mentioned second fleet.
How many troops did Athens commit to Sicily?
45000-50000 men, and more than 200 ships, probably about half of the empire’s assets.
What happened before Demosthenes and the Athenian reinforcements could arrive? How did Demosthenes respond to this upon his arrival?
Gylippus had defeated the Athenian fleet in the harbour. When Demosthenes got to Sicily he decided upon immediate night attacks on the heights of Epipolae, this was inappropriate for the hoplites and they were soon defeated disastrously.