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AH1 Relations between Greek States 492-404 BCE > The End of the Peloponnesian War 419-404 > Flashcards

The End of the Peloponnesian War 419-404 Flashcards

1
Q

What clause of the Peace of Nicias were the Peloponnesian allies most upset by?

A

The one that allowed Athens and Sparta to adjust the treaty without their allies approval

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2
Q

What did Corinth do as a result of feeling that the Peace of Nicias was unfair?

A

They went to Argos who agreed to help them create a new secret alliance

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3
Q

Why did Argos agree to help Corinth create a secret alliance?

A

They felt that a war between them and Sparta was inevitable, and that after Sphacteria they had a chance of winning

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4
Q

Who joined Corinth and Argos’ secret alliance?

A

Mantinea and Elis

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5
Q

Why did Mantinea join Corinth and Argos’ secret alliance?

A

Because they had been conquering Arcadia and feared Spartan retribution

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6
Q

Who didn’t join Corinth and Argos’ secret alliance?

A

The Boeotians and Megarians

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7
Q

Why didn’t the Boeotians and Megarians join Corinth and Argos’ secret alliance?

A

They didn’t trust Argos’ democratic government

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8
Q

How did Sparta try to restore their alliance with Argos?

A

They asked Boeotia to ally with Argos first and then convince Argos to ally with Sparta too

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9
Q

What did Sparta do after their attempt to ally with Argos through Boeotia failed?

A

They asked the Boeotians for control of Panactum

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10
Q

Why did Sparta want control of Panactum?

A

They wanted to exchange it for Pylos which the Athenians hadn’t given up because Sparta hadn’t made Amphipolis return to them

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11
Q

What did the Boeotians ask for in return for giving Sparta control of Panactum?

A

A fresh alliance between the two of them

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12
Q

Why were Athens angry when they discovered Sparta’s alliance with Boeotia and what did they do?

A

It contradicted their alliance with Sparta, Alcibiades sought to make an alliance with Argos

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13
Q

What did Sparta do upon hearing that Athens wanted to ally with Argos because they’d allied with Boeotia?

A

They sent envoys to Athens to convince the assembly of their good intentions

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14
Q

What did Alcibiades do in response to Sparta’s envoys after they allied with Boeotia?

A

He tricked them into appearing weak so he could convince the assembly to support an alliance with Argos instead of the Peace of Nicias

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15
Q

What did Alcibiades plan to ally with Argos mean for future conflict between Athens and Sparta?

A

Athens could surround Sparta not just with forts but 3 hostile states (Argos, Mantinea & Elis) north of them

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16
Q

What did Athens and Argos do in 419 that isolated Corinth?

A

Alcibiades convinced Patrae (north Peloponnese) to join them and Argos attacked Epidaurus (south of Corinth)

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17
Q

What did Sparta do in response to Athens and Argos’ actions in 419?

A

They helped Epidaurus

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18
Q

Why did Sparta send an army into the northern Peloponnese in 418?

A

They feared more cities in the Peloponnese would fall to Athens and Argos

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19
Q

Who allied with Sparta at the Battle of Mantinea in 418?

A

Megara and Boeotia

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20
Q

Who opposed Sparta at the Battle of Mantinea in 418?

A

Argos and troops from Athens and Mantinea

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21
Q

What was Argos/Athens’ aim for the Battle of Mantinea in 418?

A

To take Tegea so that Tegea and Mantinea could control the route in and out of Laconia

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22
Q

Who happened at the Battle of Mantinea in 418?

A

The Spartan’s won a resounding victory

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23
Q

What happened in Argos a few months after the Battle of Mantinea?

A

An oligarchic faction seized the city and made a 50 year peace with Sparta

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24
Q

What did Argos’ new alliance with Sparta after the Battle of Mantinea mean for Mantinea?

A

They couldn’t remain allied to Athens on their own so made a new alliance with Sparta

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25
What alliances had Sparta recovered by 417?
All their previous alliances and a peace agreement with Argos
26
Who asked Athens for help in 415?
Egesta
27
What did Egesta ask Athens for help with in 415?
They were fighting with their neighbour Selinus who was aided by Syracuse (a major power on the island)
28
What did Egesta offer Athens in return for their help in 415?
They offered to pay them
29
How did the Athenian assembly initially respond to Egesta's request?
They voted to send 60 ships under Alcibiades, Nicias and Lamachus
30
What did Nicias think of the proposed Sicilian expedition?
He thought it was bad idea because they had many difficulties at home and Alcibiades was reckless and pushing the expedition for his own benefit
31
What did Nicias try to do to stop the Sicilian expedition after Alcibiades convinced the assembly that Sicily would easily fall to Athens' naval power?
He told the assembly that they would need much larger forces in the hope of scaring them but agreed to send more
32
Roughly how many Athenians/allies died on the Sicilian expedition 415-13?
45,000-50,000
33
What strange event happened in Athens they night before the expedition to Sicily departed?
Many statues of Hermes around the city were desecrated
34
Why was the desecration of Hermes statues seen as a bad omen for the Sicilian expedition?
Hermes was the god of travellers
35
Who was implicated in the desecration of the Hermes statues?
Alcibiades
36
Why was the Sicilian expedition initially a failure?
* Egesta didn't have the money * The generals argued with each other * Lamachus backed Alcibiades whose plan then failed * Alcidiades was recalled for trial so Nicias took over but half-heartedly
37
Who did Syracuse ask for help in the winter of 415-14?
The Peloponnese
38
Which Peloponnesian city was keen to help Syracuse?
Corinth
39
Who convinced Sparta to help Syracuse?
Alcibiades
40
Why was Alcibiades in Sparta in the winter of 415-14?
He had been exiled from Athens
41
What did Nicias do in the spring of 414?
Seized the plateau above Syracuse and prepared to besiege it
42
Why did Nicias reduce his siege preparations in 414?
The Syracusans were contemplating surrender
43
What did Sparta do in early 414 in accordance with Alcibiades advice?
They sent the Spartan commander Gylippus to Sicily with a skeleton crew
44
What did Nicias do when Gylippus arrived in Sicily? in 414?
Turned his attention to the sea, allowing the siege preparations to be taken, and sent a letter to Athens asking for reinforcements or to be able to retreat
45
How did Athens respond to Nicias' request in 414?
They sent Demosthenes with more hoplites and ships
46
What happened before Demosthenes arrived in Sicily in 414?
Gylippus defeated the Athenian fleet in the harbour
47
What did Demosthenes do after landing in Sicily?
Launched an immediate night attack which ended disastrously
48
What made Demosthenes want to retreat from Sicily?
Sickness in the Athenian camp
49
Why did Nicias not want to retreat from Sicily when Demosthenes suggested it?
He was in contact with an opposing party in Syracuse and feared the Athenian assembly's reaction
50
What compelled the Athenians to start retreating from Syracuse?
2 more naval defeats
51
What happened to the Athenians retreating from Syracuse?
They were picked off on the journey and eventually surrendered at the river Assinarus, Demosthenes and Nicias were killed
52
What was the initial reaction in Athens to the disaster in Sicily?
They were shocked and turned on those who had advocated for the expedition but also vowed to control their allies and keep fighting
53
What happened to Athens' government as a result of the Sicilian disaster?
There was an oligarchic coup in 411 creating a government of 400, soon expanded to 5,000, before democracy was later restored
54
Who instigated the oligarchic coup in 411 and why?
The ship captains at Samos because the aristocracy had borne the brunt of re-equipping the fleet after Sicily
55
What did the Spartans decide in 414?
Peace with Athens was impossible and they needed to act decisively
56
What did Alcibiades advise Sparta to do in 414 when they decided to act against Athens?
Fortify Decelea like Athens had Pylos and Cythera
57
Why was Decelea a strategic position for Sparta to occupy?
It was on the road that connected Athens to the port where produce from Euboea arrived
58
What did the Spartan occupation of Decelea mean for Athens?
They had to continually guard the city walls and send cavalry against the Peloponnese so their horses became lame and 20,000 slaves deserted, and ships from Euboea had to go the long way round to deliver food
59
What are the final years of the war known as and why?
The Ionian Wars because the battles mostly happened in the east of the Aegean Sea
60
Which allies of Athens were encouraged to rebel by news of the Sicilian disaster?
Euboea, Lesbos and Chios
61
Who did Euboea, Lesbos and Chios ask for help when they decided to rebel from Athens after the Sicilian disaster?
Euboea and Lesbos sent representatives to King Agis at Decelea and Chios sent representatives to Sparta
62
Who accompanied the representatives from Chios when they asked Sparta for help rebelling from Athens?
A representative of Tissaphernes
63
Why were Persian satraps interested in the Peloponnesian War?
They could use the situation to re-assert their authority in Ionia
64
What did the Persian message to Sparta intercepted by Athens in 425 suggest?
That Sparta were asking for Persian support
65
What was the Peace of Epilycus?
The renewed peace treaty between Athens and Persia in 424-23 that may or may not have existed
66
Why did a peace between Athens and Persia make sense in 424-23?
After Brasidas' capture of Amphipolis, Athens were worried about losing control of the grain supply and Darius II was new to the throne and threatened by many rivals
67
How and why did Darius II's policy towards Athens change in 413?
He told his satraps to start collecting tribute from the Asiatic Greeks now he was secure on the throne
68
How did Sparta respond to the representatives from Chios and why?
They agreed to help because Chios was Athens' last ship-building ally and would struggle to rebuild their fleet without them
69
Why did the people of Chios initially not want to rebel in 412?
They didn't know their oligarchs had sent an embassy to Sparta
70
How were the people of Chios convinced to rebel from Athens in 412?
Alcibiades' persuasive speech
71
Who did Alcibiades convince to rebel after Chios in 412?
Miletus
72
What alliance was formed after Sparta convinced Chios and Miletus from Athens in 412?
One between the Spartan commander Chalcideus and the king of Persia through Tissaphernes
73
What did Persia gain from their alliance with Sparta in 412?
All territories previously belonging to the king and his ancestors and money previously paid to Athens by subjects
74
What did the Sparta-Persian alliance in 412 state in terms of war and allies?
They would continue the war together and anyone who revolted from either state would be an enemy of the other
75
How many times was the alliance between Sparta and Persia changed and why?
Twice because it gave Persia not just the Asiatic Greeks but states that had allied with them during the Persian wars such as Thessaly, Locris and Boeotia
76
What was the final agreement between Sparta and Persia in terms of states Persia gained?
Persia was only to control and tax the Asiatic Greeks but Tissaphernes had to pay for the Peloponnesian fleet until a Persian fleet arrived
77
What was Tissaphernes aim for the war?
To weaken the Greeks as they fought amongst themselves
78
Why was Alcibiades influencing Tiassaphernes to weaken Sparta even after after their alliance with Persia?
He had fallen out of favour with the Spartans and had taken up residence at Tissaphernes court
79
How did Tissaphernes weaken Sparta despite their alliance with Persia?
He was slow to pay for rowers for the Peloponnesian fleet then failed to bring the Phocian fleet he had mustered into the Aegean properly
80
What was the result of Chios and Miletus revolting from Athens?
Other Athenian allies were encouraged to revolt also
81
What happened in Samos in 411?
A democratic revolution
82
Who got involved in the democratic revolution at Samos in 411 and how?
The Athenian ship captains stationed there who chose to be democratic
83
Why was it strange that the Athenian ship captains chose democracy in 411?
They had sponsored the oligarchic coup in Athens
84
Who recalled Alcibiades from exile in 411?
Athenian democrats at Samos
85
What did Alcibiades convince the democrats at Samos not to do and why?
To not sail against the oligarchy of 400 in Athens immediately because it would mean abandoning the Aegean to Persia and Sparta
86

AH1 Relations between Greek States 492-404 BCE (13 decks)

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