The Effects of Labelling

Question 1

What did Lemert (1972) argue?

Answer 1

By labelling certain people as deviant, society encourages them to commit more C+D

Question 2

What does Societal Reaction cause?

Answer 2

Secondary Deviance

Question 3

What is Primary Deviance?

Answer 3

Deviant acts that have not been publicly labelled

Question 4

Examples of PD

Answer 4

Fare Dodging, Shoplifting, Driving 32mph in a 30mph zone

Question 5

What are PD acts not a part of?

Answer 5

And organised deviant way of life

Question 6

What can PD offenders easily rationalise PD acts as?

Answer 6

A ‘Moment of Madness’ and people do not see themselves as deviant

Question 7

What is Secondary Deviance?

Answer 7

When someone is publicly caught for their crimes, it can lead to them increasing their criminal activity

Question 8

What does Secondary Deviance result from?

Answer 8

Societal Reaction

Question 9

What can labelling someone as an offender involve?

Answer 9

Stigmatising, shaming, humiliating or excluding them from normal society

Question 10

What may others see the offender solely in terms of and what does it become?

Answer 10

The label of criminal (drug dealer, sexual predator), a Master Status or Controlling Identity

Question 11

What is a criminal no longer in the eyes of the world?

Answer 11

A colleague, father or neighbour

Question 12

What is a criminal now?

Answer 12

Thief, Junkie or Paedophile - an Outsider

Question 13

AO3

Answer 13

Deterministic - assumes that once an individual is labelled, a SFP will occur - ignored free will to reject label