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Block 2 Anatomy > The ear > Flashcards

The ear Flashcards

1
Q

Name the areas that you would pass through if you were to stick something in your ear.

A

External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane
Middle ear
Inner ear

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2
Q

Which cranial nerve leaves the inner ear?

A

CN VIII – vestibulocochlear nerve

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3
Q

What does CN VIII pass through to enter the intracranial cavity from the inner ear?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

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4
Q

The nasopharynx is connected to which part of the ear and via what?

A

The middle ear via the eustachian tube

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5
Q

Which part of the skull are the middle and inner ear located within?

A

The petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull

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6
Q

Describe the innervation to the auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane.

A

Multiple nerves – both cranial & somatic

C2 + C3

CN Vc + CN VII + CN X

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7
Q

Name 2 areas involving CN Vc that referred pain to the ear can be from.

A

Mandible & mandibular teeth
Temporomandibular joint

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8
Q

Name 3 areas involving CN X that referred pain to the ear can be from.

A

Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Cardiac

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9
Q

How should an adult’s auricle be positioned for examination of the tympanic membrane?

A

Pulled posterior and superior

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10
Q

How should a child’s auricle be positioned for examination of the tympanic membrane?

A

Pulled posterior and inferior

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11
Q

Upon examination of the tympanic membrane, what is the position of the cone of light?

A

Pointing anterior and inferior

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12
Q

Upon examination of the tympanic membrane, what is the position of the malleus?

A

Pointing posterior and inferior

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13
Q

Which nerve branch may be seen on examination of the tympanic membrane? Which CN does this branch off from?

A

Chorda Tympani, which branches off from CN VII

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14
Q

What is the function of the chorda tympani?

A

Carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

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15
Q

Starting superficially, what are the layers of the tympanic membrane?

A

Skin
Mesoderm
Respiratory mucosa

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16
Q

Describe the innervation of the skin layer of the tympanic membrane.

A

CN Vc + CN X

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17
Q

Describe the innervation of the respiratory mucosa layer of the tympanic membrane.

A

CN IX

18
Q

Which bones comprise the ossicles?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

19
Q

The stapes sits in which structure which forms the boundary between the middle and inner ear?

A

Oval window

20
Q

Which 2 muscles of the middle ear control the oscillatory range of the ossicles?

A

Tensor tympani + stapedius

21
Q

Where is the insertion of the tensor tympani?

A

The neck of the malleus

22
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani?

A

Pulls the tympanic membrane medially (taut) & thus reduces the force / amplitude of vibrations

23
Q

What is the innervation of the tensor tympani?

A

CN Vc

24
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the stapedius?

A

Pyramidal eminence to stapes

25
Q

What is the function of the stapedius?

A

Pulls stapes & limits its range of movement in response to large vibrations (loud noises)

26
Q

What is the innervation of the stapedius?

A

CN VII

27
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of hyperacusis in relation to the stapedius.

A

The stapedius muscle, which pulls the stapes & limits its range of movement in response to large vibrations (loud noises), is innervated by CN VII (facial nerve). If there is damage to CN VII, for example in Bell’s palsy, individuals may experience hyperacusis which is where ordinary sounds are perceived as abnormally loud or painful. This is because the stapes is no longer stabilized, allowing more sound energy to enter the cochlea

28
Q

The posterior wall of the middle ear cavity leads to where?

A

The mastoid air cells via the mastoid aditus

29
Q

How might a ruptured tympanic membrane cause loss of taste?

A

It could damage the chorda tympani, which carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

30
Q

Name the boundaries (walls) of the middle ear.

A

Superior wall – tegmental

Inferior wall – jugular

Anterior wall – carotid

Posterior wall – mastoid

Medial wall – labyrinthine

Lateral wall – membranous

31
Q

A middle ear infection which spreads through the posterior wall would cause what pathology?

A

Mastoiditis

32
Q

If left untreated, what 2 things might mastoiditis lead to?

A

Cerebral abscess + Dural venous thrombosis

33
Q

Which 3 muscles open the eustachian tube during swallowing, yawning etc?

A

Tensor veli palatini

Levator veli palatini

Salpingopharyngeus

34
Q

Describe the embryological development of the malleus and incus.

A

1st pharyngeal arch

35
Q

Describe the embryological development of the stapes.

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

36
Q

Describe the embryological development of the external acoustic meatus.

A

1st pharyngeal cleft

37
Q

Describe the embryological development of the middle ear and eustachian tube.

A

1st pharyngeal pouch

38
Q

Defects in the 1st pharyngeal arch can lead to the development of an extra what?

A

External acoustic meatus

39
Q

In which rare genetic disorder can a defect in the 1st pharyngeal arch be seen, along with other associated tissue defects?

A

Treacher Collins syndrome

40
Q

Vesicles on the external ear could be a sign of what condition? What causes this?

A

Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, which is caused by chickenpox virus

41
Q

Which clinical tests can be used to test the cochlear portion of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)?

A

Rinne + Weber tests

Block 2 Anatomy (6 decks)

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