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MBBS2/Anatomy~HEAD & NECK > The ear > Flashcards

The ear Flashcards

1
Q

the ear is divided into what 3 parts

A
  1. external
  2. middle
  3. inner
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2
Q

what are the functions of the ear

A

-hearing
-balancing/ equilibrium

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3
Q

what does the external ear comprise of

A

-auricle
-external acoustic meatus

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4
Q

what does the auricle do

A

collect sound

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5
Q

what does the external acoustic meatus do

A

conduct sound to the tympanic membrane

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6
Q

what is the auricle made of

A

elastic cartilage ( and covered by skin)

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7
Q

what depressions does the auricle have

A

-concha
-helix
-antihelix
-tragus
-antitragus
-lobule

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8
Q

what is the lobule of the auricle made of

A

fibrous tissue, fat and blood. It has no cartilage

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9
Q

what is the function of the outer ear

A

-collects sound
-localization
-resonator
-protection
-sensitive

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10
Q

what is the arterial supply of the auricle

A

-posterior auricular artery
-superficial temporal artery

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11
Q

whats the nerve supply of the auricle

A
  • on the lateral surface is the great auricular nerve
    -on the skin superior to the external acoustic meatus is the auriculotemporal nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
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12
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the auricle

A

-superficial parotid lymph nodes
-mastoid lymph nodes
-superficial cervical lymph nodes

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13
Q

what is the structure of the external acoustic meatus

A

-outer 1/3 is cartilaginous and covered by skin
-the inner 2/3 is bony and covered by thin skin which is continuous with the external layer of the tympanic membrane
-it has ceruminous and sebaceous glands in outer half which produce cerumen (ear wax)
-has a tortuous downward and forwards course

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14
Q

whats the nerve supply of the external acoustic meatus

A

-auriculotemporal branch from the trigeminal nerve
-the auricular branch from the vagus nerve

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15
Q

what does the tympanic membrane do

A

-separates the external ear and middle ear
- vibrates against malleus in the middle ear

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16
Q

how does the tympanic membrane appear through the otoscope

A

-has concavity towards the external acoustic meatus
-has a shallow cone like depression at the center called the umbo
-has a cone of light which radiates anteroinferiorly from the umbo

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17
Q

what are the subdivision of the tympanic membrane

A

-pars flaccida
-pars tensa

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18
Q

what are the surfaces of the tympanic membrane like

A

lateral surface- is concave
medial surface- is convex (at umbo)

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19
Q

between the fibrous and mucous layer of the tympanic membrane what is there

A

-handle of malleus
-chorda tympanic nerve (which crosses medially)

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20
Q

what are the layers of the tympanic membrane

A
  1. outer cuticular layer- composed of keratinized hairless and devoid of dermal papillae ( a thin layer of skin)
  2. intermediate fibrous layer- composed of outer radiating and inner circular fibers of type I & II collagen
  3. inner mucous layer- composed of simple columnar/squamous cells
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21
Q

whats the nerve supply of the tympanic membrane

A

-the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve which supplies the anterior half of the lateral surface

-the auricular branch(Arnolds nerve) of the vagus nerve which supplies the posterior half of the lateral surface

-the tympanic branch (Jacobson’s nerve) of the glossopharyngeal nerve which supplies the medial surface

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22
Q

whats the nerve supply of the tympanic membrane

A

-the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve which supplies the anterior half of the lateral surface

-the auricular branch(Arnolds nerve) of the vagus nerve which supplies the posterior half of the lateral surface

-the tympanic branch (Jacobson’s nerve) of the glossopharyngeal nerve which supplies the medial surface

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23
Q

what muscles inhibit vibration when sound is too loud

A

-tensor tympanic muscle which inserts on malleus (dampens vibrations of the tympanic membrane)
-stapedius muscles which inserts on stapes (dampens vibrations of the stapes)

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24
Q

where does the middle ear lie

A

in the petrous part of the temporal bone

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25
Q

what does the middle ear consist of

A

-tympanic cavity and mucous membrane
-epitympanic recess

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26
Q

the middle ear is connected to what

A

nasopharynx by the eustachian tube

mastoid air cells by the mastoid antrum

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27
Q

pneumatization from the nasopharynx/ retrograde infection from pharynx can cause what

A

-otitis media
-mastoiditis

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28
Q

the middle ear gets its sensory innervation from what

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

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29
Q

what auditory ossicles does the middle ear contain

A

malleus incus ad stapes which are joined by the synovial joints

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30
Q

what can affect the synovial joints of the auditory ossicles

A

-ankylosis
-otosclerosis

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31
Q

what muscles are found in the middle ear what innervates them and what do they do

A

stapedius muscle ( VII) and tensor tympani (V3), which dampen sounds and protect inner ear

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32
Q

what nerves does the middle ear contain

A

-the chorda tympani a branch of CN VII
-the tympanic plexus of nerves

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33
Q

what are the walls of the middle ear and what are their components

A

roof/ tegmental wall - has the tegmen tympani which is a thin plate of bone that separates the tympanic cavity from the dura in the floor of the middle cranial fossa

floor/ jugular wall - has a layer of bone that separates the cavity from the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein

lateral/ membranous wall- has the tympanic membrane with epitympanic recess superiorly

medial wall/ labyrinthine wall - separates the tympanic cavity from the inner ear

anterior wall /carotid -separates the tympanic cavity from the carotid canal and superiorly lies above opening of eustachian tube and canal of tensor tympani

posterior wall -is connected by aditus to mastoid antrum and air cells

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34
Q

what is the mastoid antrum

A

a cavity in the mastoid process of the temporal bone

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35
Q

what does the aditus (opening to the mastoid antrum) do

A

connect the mastoid antrum to the epitympanic recess

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36
Q

what does the tegmen tympani do

A

separates the mastoid antrum from the middle cranial fossa

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37
Q

what does the floor of the mastoid antrum do

A

communicate with the mastoid air cells via several openings

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38
Q

what lines the mastoid antrum and air cells

A

mucosa

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39
Q

what is the mastoid antrum related to anteroinferiorly

A

facial nerve canal

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40
Q

what does the auditory tube do

A

connect tympanic cavity to nasopharynx and equalizes the air pressure between the middle ear and atmosphere

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41
Q

what is the structure of the auditory tube

A

the posterior third is bony and the rest is cartilaginous

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42
Q

what is the mucosa of the auditory tube continuous with

A

the tympanic cavity and nasopharynx

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43
Q

what is the nerve supply of the auditory the

A

tympanic plexus

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44
Q

what can open the auditory tube

A

contraction of the levator veli palati ,tensor veli palati, tensor tympani and salpingopharyngeus through swallowing, yawning and chewing

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45
Q

what are the auditory ossicles attached to

A

malleus- tympanic membrane
incus- connects malleus to stapes
stapes- oval window

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46
Q

what covers the auditory ossicles

A

mucous membrane lining the tympanic cavity

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47
Q

what is the function of the auditory ossicles

A

to transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

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48
Q

what are the functions of the ligaments of the middle ear

A

-restrict and confine the effect of ossicles to act as a lever
-restrict movements to reduce the chance of damage to the inner ear
-prevent distortion to sound

49
Q

what is the acoustic reflex

A

its when the stapedius and tensor tympani muscle contract in response to loud sounds, therefore reducing the transmission of sound to the inner ear

50
Q

what makes up the inner ear

A

-cochlea
-vestibule
-semicircular canals

51
Q

what is the cochlea for

A

hearing

52
Q

what is the vestibule for

A

static equilibrium

53
Q

what is the semicircular canal for

A

dynamic equilibrium

54
Q

where does the internal ear lie

A

petrous part of temporal bone

55
Q

what does the internal ear contain

A

the vestibulocochlea organ

56
Q

what is the function of the internal ear

A

sound reception and balancing

57
Q

what does the internal ear consist of

A

-bony labyrinth
-membranous labyrinth ( has sacs and ducts that contain endolymph)

58
Q

what separates the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth

A

perilymph

59
Q

what is the bony labyrinth

A

its a fluid filled space surrounded by the otic capsule which is a dense bone

60
Q

the bony labyrinth is composed of what

A

-bony cochlea
-bony vestibule
-bony semi-circular canals

61
Q

what is the bony cochlea

A

its a shell shaped bony labyrinth that contains the cochlea duct

62
Q

where does the spiral canal of the cochlea begin

A

at the vestibule and then winds around the modiolus (a bony core)

63
Q

what does the modiolus contain

A

the cochlea nerve and blood vessels

64
Q

what does the bony labyrinth communicate with

A
  1. subarachnoid space- through the cochlear aqueduct
  2. middle ear- through the round window closed by the secondary tympanic membrane
65
Q

what is the bony vestibule

A

a small oval chamber that contains components of the balance system

66
Q

what components of the balance system does the bony vestibule contain

A

-utricle
-saccule

67
Q

what is the bony vestibule continuous with

A
  1. bony cochlea anteriorly
  2. bony semi circular canal posteriorly
  3. posterior cranial fossa through the aqueduct of vestibule
68
Q

what is the course of the aqueduct of vestibule

A

it extends to the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone to open in the internal acoustic meatus

69
Q

what does the aqueduct of vestibule contain

A

the endolymphatic ducts and blood vessels

70
Q

what are the 3 canals of the bony semi-circular canal

A
  1. anterior
  2. posterior
  3. lateral
71
Q

how do the 3 canals of the bony semi circular canals lie

A

perpendicular to each other

72
Q

what do the 3 canals of the bony semi circular canals communicate with

A

the bony vestibule posterosuperiorly

73
Q

at the end of each bony semi circular canal is what

A

the ampulla

74
Q

what do the 3 canals of the semi circular canal contain

A

semi circular ducts

75
Q

what does the membranous labyrinth consist of

A

ducts and sacs that communicate with each other other in the bony labyrinth

76
Q

what does the membranous labyrinth contain

A

endolymph

77
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the membranous labyrinth

A
  1. the membranous cochlear labyrinth
  2. the membranous vestibular labyrinth
78
Q

what are the 3 components of the membranous vestibule labyrinth

A
  1. utricle and saccule (otolith organs)
  2. 3 semi-circular ducts ( superior, horizontal and posterior)
  3. the endolymphatic duct
79
Q

the utricle and saccule communicate through what

A

utriculosaccular duct

80
Q

what arises from the utriculosaccular duct

A

endolymphatic duct

81
Q

what does the saccule communicate with

A

cochlea through the ductus reuniens

82
Q

the utricle and saccule contain receptors where and for what

A

they have receptors in the macula which respond to linear acceleration and static pull of gravity

83
Q

where do the 3 semi-circular ducts open into

A

the utricle through 5 openings

84
Q

the semi-circular ducts contain receptors for what and where

A

they have hair cell receptors in the ampullary crest that respond to rotational acceleration in 3 different planes

85
Q

the semi-circular ducts stimulate what

A

sensory neurons whose cell bodies are in the vestibular ganglion

86
Q

what controls equilibrium

A

the vestibular apparatus i.e. the saccule and utricle of the vestibule and the 3 semi circular canals

87
Q

what is static equilibrium

A

a state of balance relative to the force of gravity

88
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium

A

its the maintenance of balance during sudden movements

89
Q

what controls static equilibrium

A

sensory hair cells within the macula of the utricle and saccule

90
Q

in static equilibrium what happens when head position is changed

A

the otolith membrane that has dense calcium carbonate crystals (otoliths) will respond to gravity. this movement will open transduction channels in the hair cells, producing local potentials which summate to form a nerve AP

91
Q

what is in the ampulla of the semicircular canals

A

the crista ampullaris which contains hair cells and supporting cells

92
Q

what covers the crista ampullaris

A

a gelatinous mass called the cupula

93
Q

the neurological connection between eyes and semi circular canals is for what

A

tracking

94
Q

what is the course of the endolymphatic duct

A

it transverses the vestibular aqueduct and emerges in the posterior cranial fossa

95
Q

where does the endolymphatic duct open into

A

the endolymphatic sac that is under the dura mater

96
Q

the endolymphatic duct is a reservoir for what

A

endolymph formed by blood capillaries

97
Q

.the membranous cochlear labyrinth is composed of what 3 chambers

A
  1. the cochlear duct/ scala media
  2. scala vestibuli
  3. scala tympani
98
Q

what does the cochlear duct contain

A

endolymph

99
Q

where does the scala vestibuli begin

A

oval window

100
Q

where does scala tympani end

A

round window

101
Q

what does scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain

A

perilymph

102
Q

where does the scala vestibuli and scala tympani meet

A

helicotrema

103
Q

where is the cochlear duct suspended between

A

the spiral ligament on the external wall of the cochlear canal and the osseous spiral lamina of the modiolus

104
Q

what are the boundaries of the cochlear duct

A

roof- formed by the vestibular membrane
floor- formed by the basilar membrane + outer edge of osseus spiral lamina

105
Q

in the cochlear labyrinth whats the receptor of auditory stimuli

A

the spiral organ of corti

106
Q

what covers the spiral organ of corti

A

gelatinous tectorial membrane

107
Q

what does the spiral organ of corti contain

A

hair cells (tips of which are embedded in the tectorial membrane) and their supporting cells

108
Q

movement of hair cells in contact with the tectorial membrane do what

A

they transduce mechanical vibrations into electrical signals which generate nerve impulses along the cochlear branch of CN VIII

109
Q

cell bodies of sensory neurons are located where

A

in the spiral ganglia

110
Q

whats the pathway for nerve impulses from the inner ear

A

the nerves follow the CN VIII en route to the medulla, pons, midbrain and thalamus then to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

111
Q

what do slight differences in the timing of nerve impulses arriving from the the 2 ears at the superior olivary nuclei in the pons do

A

it allows us to locate the source of a sound

112
Q

what do outer hair cells of the organ of corti do

A

they amplify mechanical input to the the inner hair cells

113
Q

what do inner hair cells in the organ of corti do

A

they send information to the brain

114
Q

what is a summary of how we hear

A

-sound waves are channeled into the ear canal by the pinna
-the sound waves hit the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate
-this changes the sound waves into mechanical energy
-the malleus which is attached to the tympanic membrane starts the ossicles into motion
-the stapes then moves in and out of the oval window of the cochlea and creates a fluid motion/ hydraulic energy
-the fluid movement causes membranes in the organ of corti to shear against the hair cells, which creates an electrical signal that is sent up the cochlear nerve to the brain and the brain interprets it as sound

115
Q

otoscopic examination is for what

A

the external acoustic meatus

116
Q

the external acoustic meatus can be examined for what conditions

A

otitis externa- which is inflammation of the auricle and external acoustic meatus

perforation of the tympanic membrane- due to otitis media

otitis media- which is when a bulging red tympanic membrane indicates pus in middle ear + blockage of the auditory tube

mastoiditis- which is an infection of the mastoid antrum

earache- which is a symptom of the otitis externa of media

117
Q

what are middle ear disorders

A

acute otitis media
otosclerosis
disarticulation
mastoiditis
tympanosclerosis
OME
TM perforation
TM retraction
cholesteatoma

118
Q

middle ear disorders can be found in people with what

A

-down syndrome
-treacher collins syndrome
-BOR syndrome

MBBS2/Anatomy~HEAD & NECK (4 decks)

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