The Disease Process Flashcards
Phagocytes
The inflammatory response rushes leukocytes to a site of infection, where the invading organisms are engulfed and destroyed
Chain of infection
Pathogen-Reservoir-Portal of Exit-transmission-portal of entry-new host
Modes of transportation
Direct- immediate contact, skin or mucous membrane, kissing or sexual intercourse, droplet spray (cough)
Indirect- door knob, locker room floor
Reservoir
The habitat in which an infectious agent normally live and grows.
Human: influenza
Animal: Lyme disease, rabies and plague
Environmental: plants, soil, and water
Portal of exit
Path by which an agent leaves the source host.
Pathogen
Disease causing agent. Virus Bacteria Rickettsiae Parasites Fungi
Fungi
Present in soil, air, or water. Thrive in warm, dark, moist environments. Tinea Corporis (ringworm) Tinea Pedis (athlete's foot)
Rickettsiae
Backteria-like organisms transmitted through bites of fleas, lice, ticks, mosquitoes, and mites
Rocky Mountain Spotted
Parasites
Protozoa- microscopic single-celled parasitic animals
Release toxins/enzymes that destroy cells or interfere with function
Malaria
Metazoa- multi-cellular parasitic animals
Tapeworm, roundworms, flukes
Lodge in various body parts- compete for the body’s food
Ascarias
Viruses
Smallest disease causing agents seen with an electron microscope.
Can’t live without a host
Borrow cell’s machinery to reproduce and burst out of cell or may stay in cell to synthesize new viruses without disturbing the cell.
May coexist indefinitely in human peacefully
Bacteria
Single-called organisms
Most are harmless, even beneficial
Classified by their shape
4 kinds of head trauma
Concussions
Cerebral contusions
Skull fracture
Perforated eardrum
Concussion
Temporary neural dysfunction. No bleeding in the skull. Symptoms range from dealing dazed, or a very brief loss of consciousness to prolonged loss of consciousness and a delayed return to normal.
Cerebral contusions
More serious than concussion. Bruise of brain tissue, bleeding into the skull. Loss of consciousness, persistent vomiting, blurred vision, staggered walk, hemorrhage, even death
Skull fracture
Accompanied by scalp sounds and profuse bleeding, pain, tenderness, and swelling.
Perforated eardrum
Insertion of sharp objects into the ear canal, severe blow to the head, infection, changes in air pressure
Trauma
Chest trauma- penetrating wounds like knife, gunshot, blunt-force trauma (car accident)
Abdominopelvic trauma- may cause hemorrhages of the internal organs including liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, stomach. Blood loss is a concern. Surgery is used
Neck and Spine Trauma- Fractures, dislocations, contusions, and compressions of the vertebral column. Could cause paralysis
Extremities trauma- sprains, strains, and fractures of arms or legs
Physical and Chemical agents
Extreme heat and cold Ionizing radiation Extremes of atmospheric pressure Electric shock Poisoning Near-drowning Bites of insects, spiders, and snakes Asphyxiation Burns
Neoplasm
(Cancer) new formation or growth May or may not include a tumor Cause unknown Gene or chromosome mutation Malignant vs benign
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
B lymphocytes (b-cells) produce antibodies that protect against parasites (antigens) such as bacteria and viruses
Works with cell-mediated immunity together for a combined immune response
Cell-mediated immunity
T-cells produce lymphokines which protect against bacteria, viruses and tumors
Acquired immunity
Active natural- exposure
Active artificial- vaccination- mumps
Passive natural- mother to baby
Passive artificial- inoculation with antibodies
Allergy
Immune system becomes overactive or misdirected (sees something harmless as harmful)
Most common is allergic rhinitis (stuffy nose)
Symptoms of allergy
Urticaria (hives)
Anaphylaxis- potentially life-threatening to an antigen
Pruritus: severe itching
Erythema: redness of the skin
Edema: soft tissue swelling
Stridor: high-pitched sound during respiration
Dyspnea: labored or difficult breathing
Autoimmunity
Inappropriate immune response against patient's own tissues. Excessive t-cell or b-cell cell attacks Lupus Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative colitis Hemolytic anemia Hashimoto thyroiditis *marks own tissue as to be destroyed
Immunodeficiency
B-cel or T-cell deficiency
AIDS
Hodgkin lymphoma
Nutritional imbalance
Malnourishment Vitamin deficiencies and excesses Mineral deficiencies and excesses Obesity Starvation
