The Disease Process

Question 1

Phagocytes

Answer 1

The inflammatory response rushes leukocytes to a site of infection, where the invading organisms are engulfed and destroyed

Question 2

Chain of infection

Answer 2

Pathogen-Reservoir-Portal of Exit-transmission-portal of entry-new host

Question 3

Modes of transportation

Answer 3

Direct- immediate contact, skin or mucous membrane, kissing or sexual intercourse, droplet spray (cough)
Indirect- door knob, locker room floor

Question 4

Reservoir

Answer 4

The habitat in which an infectious agent normally live and grows.
Human: influenza
Animal: Lyme disease, rabies and plague
Environmental: plants, soil, and water

Question 5

Portal of exit

Answer 5

Path by which an agent leaves the source host.

Question 6

Pathogen

Answer 6

Disease causing agent.  
Virus
Bacteria
Rickettsiae
Parasites
Fungi

Question 7

Fungi

Answer 7

Present in soil, air, or water.  Thrive in warm, dark, moist environments.  
Tinea Corporis (ringworm)
Tinea Pedis (athlete's foot)

Question 8

Rickettsiae

Answer 8

Backteria-like organisms transmitted through bites of fleas, lice, ticks, mosquitoes, and mites
Rocky Mountain Spotted

Question 9

Parasites

Answer 9

Protozoa- microscopic single-celled parasitic animals
Release toxins/enzymes that destroy cells or interfere with function
Malaria

Metazoa- multi-cellular parasitic animals
Tapeworm, roundworms, flukes
Lodge in various body parts- compete for the body’s food
Ascarias

Question 10

Viruses

Answer 10

Smallest disease causing agents seen with an electron microscope.
Can’t live without a host
Borrow cell’s machinery to reproduce and burst out of cell or may stay in cell to synthesize new viruses without disturbing the cell.
May coexist indefinitely in human peacefully

Question 11

Bacteria

Answer 11

Single-called organisms
Most are harmless, even beneficial
Classified by their shape

Question 12

4 kinds of head trauma

Answer 12

Concussions
Cerebral contusions
Skull fracture
Perforated eardrum

Question 13

Concussion

Answer 13

Temporary neural dysfunction. No bleeding in the skull. Symptoms range from dealing dazed, or a very brief loss of consciousness to prolonged loss of consciousness and a delayed return to normal.

Question 14

Cerebral contusions

Answer 14

More serious than concussion. Bruise of brain tissue, bleeding into the skull. Loss of consciousness, persistent vomiting, blurred vision, staggered walk, hemorrhage, even death

Question 15

Skull fracture

Answer 15

Accompanied by scalp sounds and profuse bleeding, pain, tenderness, and swelling.

Question 16

Perforated eardrum

Answer 16

Insertion of sharp objects into the ear canal, severe blow to the head, infection, changes in air pressure

Question 17

Trauma

Answer 17

Chest trauma- penetrating wounds like knife, gunshot, blunt-force trauma (car accident)
Abdominopelvic trauma- may cause hemorrhages of the internal organs including liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, stomach. Blood loss is a concern. Surgery is used
Neck and Spine Trauma- Fractures, dislocations, contusions, and compressions of the vertebral column. Could cause paralysis
Extremities trauma- sprains, strains, and fractures of arms or legs

Question 18

Physical and Chemical agents

Answer 18

Extreme heat and cold 
Ionizing radiation
Extremes of atmospheric pressure
Electric shock
Poisoning
Near-drowning
Bites of insects, spiders, and snakes
Asphyxiation
Burns

Question 19

Neoplasm

Answer 19

(Cancer) new formation or growth
May or may not include a tumor
Cause unknown
Gene or chromosome mutation 
Malignant vs benign

Question 20

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

Answer 20

B lymphocytes (b-cells) produce antibodies that protect against parasites (antigens) such as bacteria and viruses

Works with cell-mediated immunity together for a combined immune response

Question 21

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 21

T-cells produce lymphokines which protect against bacteria, viruses and tumors

Question 22

Acquired immunity

Answer 22

Active natural- exposure

Active artificial- vaccination- mumps

Passive natural- mother to baby

Passive artificial- inoculation with antibodies

Question 23

Allergy

Answer 23

Immune system becomes overactive or misdirected (sees something harmless as harmful)

Most common is allergic rhinitis (stuffy nose)

Question 24

Symptoms of allergy

Answer 24

Urticaria (hives)
Anaphylaxis- potentially life-threatening to an antigen
Pruritus: severe itching
Erythema: redness of the skin
Edema: soft tissue swelling
Stridor: high-pitched sound during respiration
Dyspnea: labored or difficult breathing

Question 25

Autoimmunity

Answer 25

Inappropriate immune response against patient's own tissues.
Excessive t-cell or b-cell cell attacks
Lupus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ulcerative colitis
Hemolytic anemia
Hashimoto thyroiditis
*marks own tissue as to be destroyed

Question 26

Immunodeficiency

Answer 26

B-cel or T-cell deficiency
AIDS
Hodgkin lymphoma

Question 27

Nutritional imbalance

Answer 27

Malnourishment
Vitamin deficiencies and excesses
Mineral deficiencies and excesses
Obesity
Starvation